The Hidden Truth About Research Essay Topics

The Hidden Truth About Research Essay Topics When you search for a superb research paper topic, you are able to easily come to be the severest critic of any proposed idea. The subject of your paper should show what lies within your paper. The subject of your research paper should be very well thought out. Picking the topic for your research paper is among the most difficult portions of the full project. The Ideal Strategy for Research Essay Topics Surveys and questionnaires are often the toughest or time-consuming kind of primary research because you're expected to create a set of questions that may be answered briefly and administer them to a group of individuals. It's thus crucial that you choose the suitable research topic. In any case, the research paper topics are extremely beneficial for everybody who's attempting to find the subject that's best to devote time exploring. There are just a few questionable topics which may be published on. There are a great deal of k inds of essays, therefore it is simple to find rid of a watch on all your writing assignments. There are a great deal of kinds of essays, therefore it isn't difficult to eliminate a watch out for all your writing assignments. There are lots of kinds of essays, it isn't tricky to eliminate a watch out for all your writing assignments. The Little-Known Secrets to Research Essay Topics Students are made to find out more about the niche provided by locating facts about the subject issue. If you don't enjoy the topic you've selected it may be better to locate a new one. You have to remember that the topic ought to be precise and accurate. You would like to consider making your topic. Ok, I Think I Understand Research Essay Topics, Now Tell Me About Research Essay Topics! To produce the level research essay topics ought to be correctly utilized. An essay needs you've got a position on it and to select a subject. Economic essays are therefore not too tough to compose, all you sh ould do is to choose a proper topic for essays on economics. Usually, a research essay is likewise an argumentative essay. The Research Essay Topics Cover Up Composing great small business essays requires perfect writing abilities and demands a great deal of electricity and time. Writing a research composition that's amazing is really a matter students are ready to deal with. If you've already graduated from college or university and are looking for a very good job, you will need to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. Regardless, the research paper subjects listed here are very useful for everybody who's hoping to discover the ideal subject to devote time. Consult with the chart or graph in the text in which you discuss the info. Even then you're unable to discover the informative and accurate details. Pick the aforementioned topics that you will see exciting and start out your research. Choose any of all these topics that you will discover fascinatin g and start out your research. Vital Pieces of Research Essay Topics Additionally you're in need of a thesis statement. With our custom made essay offer, you can be guaranteed to find any kind of essay help you're looking for. You essay is going to be done usually based on your custom and corrected or varied in the event of need. Loan an innovative essay may be a team-free endeavor, if you own a custom which you have differing on. Naturally, you should be sure the particular treatment that you're giving the essay topic is interesting if not controversial. You are able to easily depend on us to find essay help as we have a tendency to assist and guide the students with the aid of our professional experts. Know your essay will be appraised. An informative essay has become the most likely the toughest form of assignment which ought to be achieved with complete care and concern. The Definitive Strategy to Research Essay Topics Writing quality essays is the principal purpose of our services. If you might reveal that the book sells, you are going to find a publisher. You can depend on the very best essay help online. Our writers always create unique content that is absolutely free from all grammatical error. Together with that, So that you're ready to create an extremely excellent article that's excellent, they need to find command on essay composing strategies. Essay, sample scholar will be established. Together with that, So that you're able to make an essay that's excellent that's extremely good, they needs to find command. Report research papers are typically utilized in the workplace and business environments. It shows that judgments of people can be based on their diets. Your research needs to be thorough and never neglect to recheck. Current research is centered in the subject of nutrient control of gene expression.

Lycidas Poetry and Death Essay - 3788 Words

Lycidas: Poetry and Death Living in a period of important religious and cultural flux, John Miltons poetry reflects the many influences he found both in history and in the contemporary world. With a vast knowledge of literature from the classical world of Greek and Roman culture, Milton often looked back to more ancient times as a means of enriching his works. At other times, however, he relies on his strong Christian beliefs for creating spiritually compelling themes and deeply religious imagery. Despite the seemingly conflicting nature of these two polarized sources of inspiration, Milton somehow found a way of bridging the gap between a pagan and a Christian world, often weaving them together into one overpowering†¦show more content†¦To do this, Milton turned to the pastoral elegy, a classically rich style of poetry found throughout literary history and most often associated with just such a topic. This was presumably a natural choice for Milton, as James H. Hanford says, since Miltons familiarit y with poetry of this kind in English, Latin, Italian, and Greek made him recognize the pastoral as one of the natural modes of literary expression, sanctioned by classic practice (32). Going back to such masters as the Greek superior genius Theocritus and Virgil, the famous Latin poet, Milton clearly found himself employing a literary form with its roots in a world of almost exclusively pagan beliefs (32;35). Even with later Christian forms, pastorals relied on the ancients for their conventional characteristics. From Virgils time forth, conventionality in setting†¦is a marked characteristic of the pastoral that employed archetypal shepherds as its essential trait, and Milton hardly strays from the standard form in his work (40). This long-lived tradition of pastorals, then, immersed Milton in a surrounding of rich images and important mythological figures, taking him back in time to an age far removed from his own. With this in mind, Milton begins Lycidas in an exclusively, and seemingly appropriate, classicalShow MoreRelatedEssay on Imagery in Lycidas893 Words   |  4 Pages Imagery in Lycidas Lycidas, a poem written by John Milton as a memorial to Edward King, a classmate at Cambridge, reflects Miltons reverence for nature, his admiration of Greek Mythology, and his deeply ingrained Christian belief system. In Lycidas, Milton combines powerful images from nature and Greek Mythology along with Biblical references in order to ease the pain associated with the premature death of King. King drowns at sea in the prime of his life and Milton is left to make senseRead MoreLycidas1529 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Happens in â€Å"Lycidas† 1–5 The poet complains that he is unready (= â€Å"denial vain, and coy excuse†) 6–36 No matter, Lycidas was a poet and his death must not pass without song. I too shall die one day and want someone to sing for me. Moreover, Lycidas and I grew up and made poetry together, to the delight of many. 37–49 â€Å"But O the heavy change now, thou art gon†: nature languishes in Lycidas’s absence. 50–63 The nymphs were powerless to save him, as Calliope was powerless to save her sonRead MoreLycidas Analysis1492 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of John Miltons â€Å"Lycidas† Milton’s Lycidas is a poem in the form of a pastoral elegy written in 1637 to mourn the accidental death of Milton’s friend Edward King. The theme of the elegy is mournful or sadly reflective. Though lyrical, it is not spontaneous, and is often the result of deliberate poetic art. The elegy is a conscious work of art, and not a spontaneous expression of sorrow. The elegiac poet engages himself in discursive reflections. Death, the primary theme of most elegiesRead MoreA Critique on Lycidas Written by John Milton1206 Words   |  5 PagesLycidas is a popular, well-known poem, which was written in the early 1630s by John Milton. The poem is written in the style of pastoral elegy and is dedicated to Edward King a friend of John Milton who drowned out at sea. About 100 years after the poem had already been well known, Samuel Johnson responded forcefully by writing a critique that has also become well renowned. Samuel Johnson, who wrote the English Dictionary, questions t he worth of Lycidas. According to Johnson, poetry is an art formRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Milton s Lycidas1599 Words   |  7 Pages Saved Help Completed: Visible Home Milton’s Lycidas has a two-part Structure: one part in which a first person, pastoral voice speaks under an illusion of independence and control; and a second part in which this illusion is repeatedly exposed and finally dispelled altogether by a second voice. The first voice s assimilation into the second is the triumph of the poem. I. The first voice attempts to resist assimilation into an anonymous second voice. The first voice s grappling with hisRead MoreA Formalistic Reading of John Miltons Lycidas2679 Words   |  11 Pagesman who wrote the greatest English epic, is not true and justifiable. My purpose of writing this research paper is to criticize his world-famous elegy – Lycidas. Milton after two years living in Horton, in the November 1637 when his poetic exercises and studies were finished, took a trip to Italia and wrote Lycidas to elegize the death of his friend â€Å"Edward King† _ four years younger than Milton, was full of genius, and was chosen by the order of the king as an assistant professor in CambridgeRead More John Miltons Life and Writing Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Miltons Life and Writing John Milton did not just write poetry. He put his life, his thoughts, into words. Milton began his life in Cheapside, England, because his father’s wealthy family was Roman Catholic and John Milton Sr., Milton’s father, decided to become Protestant, therefore he was disinherited (Muir). However, the Milton family did not remain poor, John Milton Sr. was able to establish a wealthy family once more. He became a scrivener, which is a law writer, and was also a musicRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Lycidas By Paul J. Alpes1754 Words   |  8 Pagesmade the assertion that Milton’s poem â€Å"Lycidas† follows the traditional pastoral conventions, for instance, Samuel Johnson recognized the poem as a traditional pastoral because it depicted an idealized life of rural leisure. Moreover, he claims that Milton’s pastoral poem is â€Å"easy, vulgar and therefore disgusting; whatever images it can supply are long ago exhausted and its inherent improbability a lways forces dissatisfaction on the mind† (89). Milton’s â€Å"Lycidas† denounces the traditional pastoral conventionRead MoreElegy by Thomas Gray Essay1085 Words   |  5 PagesElegy Written in a Country Chrchyard Thomas Gray’s Elegy laments the death of life in general while mourning long gone ancestors and exhibiting the transition made by the speaker, from grief and mourning to acceptance and hope. It was written in 1742 and revised to its published form in 1746, and is one of the three highlights of the elegiac form in English literature, the others being Milton’s â€Å"Lycidas† and Tennyson’s In Memoriam. It was first published, anonymously, in 1751, under the titleRead More Victorian Doubt In God Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagesour life paint itself and shine. (Norton 957-958) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What made Tennyson so Victorian was his ready acceptance of the mores of his day, his willingness to conform to popular taste, to write a poetry that was easily understood and enjoyed. Partly as a result of his position as a public and nationalist figure, Tennyson was by far the most popular poet of the Victorian era. No poet was ever so completely a national poet: Henry James said in 1875

Business Information Systems Essay Example For Students

Business Information Systems Essay GRC Business SolutionsProposal Business Information SolutionOver the years, the nature of business has changed drastically. Part of the reason for this is that businesses are no longer â€Å"local† in nature in the sense that the business does not necessarily sell only within its locality. It has to obtain goods and services from locations that are remote to it, and the products and services it sells are sold worldwide. Thankfully, technology has kept up and actually spurred this growth. From the original telephone, to radio and then onto television, computers, Local Area Networks and finally to cable and satellites. We have achieved a truly global â€Å"business village.†Out of necessity, computer systems have deeply woven themselves into the basic fabric of business. The real benefits achieved with a quality computer business system is to allow the business entities, owners, managers, employees, customers and vendors spend more time in the running of the business and less time on the â€Å"processing’ portion of the business. Business is complex. Your job, no matter what your position or relationship to the company, is to focus on making the business profitable and therefore successful. It is the responsibility of GRC Business solutions through our BIZ-VIEWS and other tools that we provide, to focus on the processing and decision support aspects of the business, so that our tools can run your business. We have a multi-faceted approach that includes hardware, software, training, aids and other devices to do this. This proposal will focus on a very special set of tools to help you do your job. Chapter1GRC’s Business PlanGeneral Business Concepts Incorporated Into BIZVIEWSDiagram of Processing a Simple OrderBIZVIEWS is a program designed to work with many different kinds of businesses, some of which may be very complex and require most or all of the features offered in BIZVIEWS. On the other hand, other businesses may require only the basic features of BIZVIEWS and possibly some options. The purpose of this page is to introduce you to the BIZVIEWS product and give you some insight on how the product could fit into your business. This section does not provide complete detail on the sales order, but provides a selection of ideas to make your understanding of the more esoteric features of the program easier. Some of these features are only found in programs that cost thousands of dollars more. As we discuss the concepts and features of the program, you can select those features that work for you. STEP 1: QUOTING CUSTOMERS With BIZVIEWS, you can produce a quote for your customer of items that you want to sell him. The quote lists the items and prices. One advantage with BIZVIEWS is that you can put an unlimited amount of notes under each item to further describe the item. A quote to a customer should have a time limit as to how long the customer has to accept or reject it. The reason for this is that the costs or the availability of obtaining the products may change after time. In BIZVIEWS, you can set howl long the quote is good for in days in the SET-UP section of the system. You also have the ability to purge (delete) quotes from your program after the time limit has expired. Stock can be checked to see if you have the product(s) available, or if you will have to create a purchase order. STEP 2: SALES ORDERS A quote can be instantly turned into a sales order when the customer indicates acceptance and at that time, if necessary, it can be modified. A sales order is a commitm ent from a customer to buy the items on the sales order. At the same time, it is a commitment for you to deliver the items to the customer, on time and at the specified price. STEP 2A: CUSTOMER CREDIT MANAGEMENT The next step is to determine if the customer is creditworthy. The BIZVIEWS credit management system is one of the most flexible systems on the market. The following features are incorporated into BIZVIEWS: CREDIT LIMIT. In ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE / CUSTOMER CREDIT MANAGEMENT you can establish a credit limit for any customer. CREDIT HOLD. The customer can be put on a total credit hold so that he/she cannot charge any amount to the account. The customer can still make cash, credit card and check transactions. ADJUSTING CREDIT DURING SALES. BIZVIEWS can be set up to allow the sales person to grant some additional or starting credit for a customer if permission to do so was established in the SET-UP MODULE. In SET-UP, we establish a dollar amount limit that the sales person could g rant. For example, a new customer is entered within BIZVIEWS with no credit limit established (CREDIT LIMIT = 0). Previously in SET-UP, a limit of $300 was set for the field INCREASE CREDIT AMOUNT. This means that the sales person has the authority to grant up to $300 in credit or increased credit. STEP 3A: ALLOCATING STOCK While adding an item to a sales order you can view how much stock you have. What if you have 20 pieces in stock and the order is for 5 pieces that the customer wants immediately shipped to him. Can you satisfy the order? The answer is yes. You can ship him the item, but what about other orders in the system for the same item. By shipping him the item you might be taking stock away from other orders promised to other customers. â€Å"Allocations† is designed to avoid this situation by automatically displaying what stock is â€Å"available† to this sales order after first looking at the other sales orders for the item in the system and subtracting the m from the quantity in stock. If there is a balance left, then the balance can be applied to this order for the item. If the quantity available is zero, then you have the option of not accepting the order or accepting it and creating a purchase or manufacturing order to get stock in to cover the order by the time that the order is scheduled to ship. The process of allocations can be violated at any time by shipping an unallocated order for the item. The system will reallocate the orders remaining on the system. If there are many sales orders on the system, then you can juggle the allocations to the orders and select which sales orders will be satisfied first, second, and so forth. Doing â€Å"manual allocations† does this. Additional allocation flexibility is provided by allowing you to allocate stock only up to a specific date, at which time the allocation is automatically released and the released stock is available to be reallocated to other orders. A permanent allocation (or reservation) that cannot be easily changed when conditions change, can be created by giving the allocation an allocation date of 12/31/1999, locking in the allocation, at least ‘til that date. STEP 3B: LOT CONTROL (ANOTHER WAY TO ALLOCATE STOCK) Each item number is unique to itself. It is different from all the other item numbers in the warehouse (unless, by accident, the same item has been put into stock under two different stock numbers). Certain unique items have attributes within the item that may be different and it may be desirable to separate the stock of the item by the characteristic. For example, let us say that we are stocking grade ‘A’ milk under the stock number â€Å"MIL-1.† 1000 cartons of the milk have an expiration date of 9/27/1998, 1700 cartons have an expiration date of 10/10/1998 and 2000 cartons have an expiration date of 1024/1998. The milk itself is always identified by its stock number of â€Å"MIL-1† and always ordered a s such. The problem is that under that stock number it is desirable to segregate the milk by the attribute of â€Å"Expiration Date.† This is accomplished by creating three different lots of the milk under the same stock number and segregating the lots. When milk is ordered, you can select the lot that has the oldest â€Å"Expiration Date† to ship to the customer. Each lot has a different lot number that is unique. Lots may have more than one attribute that can be tracked. In fact, each lot could have quite a few attributes being tracked. In the case of the milk, fat content percent, date inspected and cream content could also be tracked. Also, whenever one of these attributes change, the change is recorded as a change of ‘level.’ For instance, let us say that the content of cream has changed for half the lot. The lot can be split into two lots; the lot where the cream content has changed would have a different level than the lot that has not changed in cr eam content. STEP 3C: TEMPLATES (A WAY TO HANDLE REPETITIOUS ORDERS) During the process of making a quote or sales order, it is likely at times that customers will be ordering the same long list of materials over and over. This could entail many hours of entering data. In addition, different customers may order a specific product that requires they also order certain items that go along with it. By using templates, much of these efforts can be avoided. Merely save the items as a template while creating a quote or sales order and give them a template name. Whenever these items are required for a sales order, just call or the template name and the items will appear on the sales order. STEP 4: PROCESSING, TRACKING AND STATUSING ORDERS Sales Order Control provides the big picture of what is happening to all of your sales orders. You have the ability to decide which order needs to be processed first based upon the due date to the customer. BIZVIEWS is a â€Å"Due Date† system and therefore the priority for an order is set by the date due to deliver to the customer. If it is necessary to change the priority of an order, then change the due date to an earlier one. â€Å"THE CONCEPT OF â€Å"SLACK†: The topmost first browser screen in Sales Order Control contains a field called ‘Slack.’ Slack is today’s date minus or plus the Committed Due Date for delivery of the order to the customer. For example: Today is June 20, 1998 and the customer was promised delivery on June 15, 1998 (five days ago). The slack is –5. The browser displays the slack value of each order in slack number order. If all the orders had a slack of 0, this would mean that all orders are being delivered on their due date. By processing the orders with the largest negative slacks first, you will be following the proper priority order. When you click on the order that you want to work on and go to the second screen, you can review each of the items on the order a nd the progress that has been made towards shipping the order. By pressing the right button on this screen, you are presented a menu of many choices such as CREATE A PURCHASE ORDER, SHIP ITEM, etc. Process the orders through to completion. STEP 5: INVENTORY – IMPORTANT CONCEPTS ITEM NUMBERS: The INVENTORY FILE is made up of item records. Each item in the file is a record. In the old days, we would say that inventory was just made up of â€Å"parts,† but this is no longer true. We use the term â€Å"items† now because there are many different kinds of items in the file. For example, there are â€Å"planning† items used in Master Planning, Features, and Options. The are also reference items (item numbers of drawings that represent the part in stock). Specific item numbers are sometimes called â€Å"SKU’s† (Stock Keeping Units). One of the best features in BIZVIEWS is that the description of an item can now be as long as you want for sales orde rs, purchase orders and invoices. Normally, the DESCRIPTION field in BIZVIEWS is 30 characters long. We have another field in the INVENTORY file called LINE NOTE. This field is 120 characters long. When you print any of the documents described above, the LINE NOTES directly adjacent to the DESCRIPTION field and it looks like one description of 150 characters. In addition to all of this, the ITEM NOTES field prints directly below the LINE NOTES and this gives us an unlimited description. CATALOGS versus WAREHOUSES: In BIZVIEWS, it is important to understand the difference between CATALOGS and WAREHOUSES. A catalog is a listing of items from a specific source. It could be a listing of all the items that you sell and buy. It could also be a listing of all the items that one of your vendors sells (i.e. a manufacturer, distributor or wholesaler). Each listing is kept in its own separate file called a CATALOG file. A catalog file contains information about each item, such as its descripti on, manufacturing part number, cost, and price. In the SET-UP section of the program, you are asked if the catalog that you set up is also a physical warehouse where a stock balance is kept on the items. Unless you have answered that it is a physical warehouse, you will never be given the opportunity to add or take away stock from that catalog. Items ordered from that catalog have to eventually be put into another catalog that has been designated as a warehouse. Therefore, the same item will be duplicated in both catalogs. To summarize, a catalog provides a listing of items that you can select for orders. A warehouse is a catalog that has associated inventory records with it where stock is stored. You can also select these items for orders, and when the orders are complete, the items quantities are incremented in the associated inventory file. STEPS 6 7: CREATE AND RECEIVE IN PURCHASE ORDERS PEGGING: The single most important feature of BIZVIEWS that many purchased programs lack is the function called â€Å"pegging.† Pegging allows you to relate back from a purchase order or order to be shipped to the original source (sales order) where the requirement was made for a purchase or shipping order. Most systems will tell you that you have to create a purchase order for a specific quantity of a product, but when the items arrive you have no idea which sales order(s) the items should be delivered to. BIZVIEWS always provides information that pegs the sales order to the material that is available. The process that pegs orders is called allocations. CONSOLIDATED PURCHASE ORDERS: If you have a large volume of sales orders with many items that are purchased from specific vendors who can be identified before-hand in the INVENTORY file, then many hours of purchase order creation can be saved by using consolidated purchase orders. Basically, you run two programs: the first program automatically attaches a vendor name to all of your items that require purchase order s in a few seconds. The second program takes all of these items, consolidates individual purchase orders by vendor, and creates purchase orders for many items almost instantly. COMPUTER REQUIREMENTSAll our products are written in Visual FoxPro and are IBM compatible. At this time we do not offer Macintosh support. Macintosh products are expected to be released third quarter of this year. Lessons in an inspector Calls EssayTechnology Essays

The Untouchables, a true taste of 1920s prohibition America Essay Example

The Untouchables, a true taste of 1920s prohibition America Paper Reality and fiction within the film industry are often misunderstood by the audience. A lot of the events that happened in the film The Untouchables never actually took place in real life, Elliot Ness never met Al Capone (scarface) and the courthouse scene never happened, and so the list goes on, but despite this the director Brian De Palmas still gives the audience an excellent depiction of 1920s and early 1930s America during Prohibition. Prohibition also known as The Noble Experiment was clearly a failure, innocent people suffered; organized crime grew into an empires; the police, courts, and politicians became increasingly corrupt; disrespect for the law grew; and the per capita consumption of the prohibited substance-alcohol-increased dramatically, year by year. Prohibition did not achieve its goals. Instead, it added to the problems it was intended to solve (Thorton, pg15). The streets of Chicago became a war zone ,as gangsters from rival gangs riddled each other with bullets, and deftly defied the law through slightly, less-than-honorable techniques, the 1930s were plagued with corruption on the municipal scale. Many bootleggers secured their business by bribing the authorities, namely federal agents and persons of high political status (Bowen, pg160). Many law enforcement agencies were brought into suspected areas of illegal alcoholic activity to put a stop on these banned doings. We will write a custom essay sample on The Untouchables, a true taste of 1920s prohibition America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Untouchables, a true taste of 1920s prohibition America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Untouchables, a true taste of 1920s prohibition America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Director Brian De Palma portrayed one account of these actions in his 1987 movie, The Untouchables. The film centered on straight-arrowed cop Eliot Nesss obsession to end the infamous Capone crime syndicate in Chicago. Recruiting the help of a group of law enforcement officers who were unable to be bribed, and thus untouchable, Ness finally stopped the gangster boss on the grounds of income tax evasion. But was this movie as historically accurate as one would expect? By examining some of the elements of the movie, the true historical colors of the film might shine through. Through the use of cinematography, setting, as well as knowledge of actual events, the accuracy of this historical movie can fairly be judged. Brian De Palmas use of period specific sets really helps the viewer get the feeling they were there in the 1930s, this is achieved by filming on location and showing the eccentricity of 1920s and 1930s through architecture. One fantastic scene is where there is an overview shot of La Calle Street Canyon in Chicago when Sean Connerys character, Wallace, leads Kevin Costners character, Eliot Ness, to one of Capones booze cellars across the street. The scene displays huge, almost monolithic, buildings and rows of period cars. This was important in setting the stage of the film thus giving the viewer a sense of realism. Another important scene includes the descending of Al Capone and his men in the hotel that he considered being the headquarters of his gangster consortium. Almost everything in the scene has a golden aura to it, sharply contrasting to the prevalent power of Scarface himself. Overall, the amount of money they spent to surround the actors with scenes and memorabilia of the 1930s really paid off and made for a great film visually historic. When you see Capone leave the hotel, its almost like he was an iconic figure, the media gave him the attention as they would a movie star. Children would mimic him in the streets; many other gangsters and outlaws held this iconic status, mass murderers such as Billy the kid would also get similar media attention. Al Capone himself enjoyed a celebrity status in Chicago and was a master at public relations, Capone saw to it that the press was friendly to him and never missed a chance to play up his donations to a charitable group. To the people of Chicago he was a hero who saved them from the oppression of the people for prohibition. Al Capones popularity was incredible; this is because he was providing a banned alcohol for an alcohol hungry people, oblivious to the atrocities being caused by the underground mobs. Normal everyday people were becoming criminals, criminal groups organize around the steady source of income provided by laws against victimless crimes such as consuming alcohol (Thorton, 13). Because alcohol was no longer legally available, there was a sudden increase in crime, the public turned to gangsters to obtain alcohol, as a result the amount of money to be made caused massive rivalry between gangs, the Untouchables gives you great examples of this rivalry, by giving the viewer graphic scenes of gang violence. The profit motive caused over four hundred gang related murders a year in Chicago alone (Bowen, 175). One of the most gruesome and remembered gangster shoot-outs of all time occurred on Valentines Day, 1929, which was portrayed excellently in the film, because of business differences, Capone had his henchman, Machine Gun Jack McGurn plot the murder of the OBanions, led by Bugs Moran. McGurn staged a delivery of alcohol to Moran at a warehouse and had his gang members impersonate police officers and pretend to raid the transaction. With a sweep of machine gun fire, McGurn killed all that were inside. Capone had a solid alibi, being in Miami at the time, and no convictions were ever made. This event is an example of how prohibition fueled gang warfare and increased the crime rate in America (Bowen, 175). While the film is based on a real aspect of the hunt for Capone in Prohibition-era Chicago, the writer and director deviated from the subjects historical accuracy. While they got the major concepts of the untouchables correct, there were facts altered to benefit the storyline. First off, Eliot Ness is portrayed as a family man and didnt come from Chicago, whereas he was actually from Chicago and had no immediate family, yet both were key elements to Nesss character. Another important fact altered for the film was that Nesss original 10-man team of untouchables suffered no causalities and the fact that two of the most beloved men of the group were killed in the movie which adds to the idea of dramatizing history. Perhaps the biggest flaw of the film comes at the end. In the very climax of the film, after Nesss rooftop chase with gangster, Frank Nitti, Ness pushes Nitti over the edge of a building ending his life in another of De Palmas notoriously bloody scenes and, as expected, followed up by an aerial view of the impact. The flaw in this series of events is that Nitti was not killed by Ness. In fact, Nitti was Capones successor and lived a further 12 years as head of the illustrious crime organization. However there were also some almost unbelievable yet accurate historical events as well. One of the most famous and memorable scenes from The Untouchables was the baseball bat attack by Capone upon three suspected traitors, though slightly reworked, added to the portrayal of Capone as a dangerous criminal. So while some events were completely changed for Hollywood, some events were simply shown in their entirety adding to the historical authenticity of the film. If not totally accurate The Untouchables still gives the viewer a taste of America during Prohibition. The films convey through graphic scenes, the violence caused by prohibition and also the failings of prohibition, Prohibition did not achieve its goals. Instead, it added to the problems it was intended to solve (Thorton, pg15). The movie also gets across to the viewers the time period. Looking at De Palmas use of cinematography, setting, and the knowledge of actual events from The Untouchables lets viewers see the film in a new, more historically critical light.

Compare and Contrast essays

Compare and Contrast essays The Nineteenth Century European Paintings and Sculpture Galleries Van Gogh, Flowering Orchard (56.13), Annenberg Van Gogh Gallery Monet, the Four Trees (29.100.110), Annenberg Monet Gallery Visual perception is a function of our eyes and brain. We see images as a whole rather then in parts. However, images can be broken into their visual elements: line, shape, texture, and color. These elements are to images as grammars are to languages. They, together, allow our eyes to see images and our brain to recognize those objects. In this compare and contrast essay between the Works of Vincent Van Gogh and Claude Monet. Dutch-born Post-Impressionist painter, Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) and the French, Claude Monet (1840-1926), both painted vibrant and expressive paintings during the nineteenth and early twentieth-century. In this case, the chosen paintings are Van Gogh "Flowering Orchard", 1888 and Monet "The Four Trees", 1891. Both of these compositions are painting. Nothing is of more importance than the Flowering orchard. The orchard in Van Goghs painting is dominated by the rich, red-brown tree growing in the foreground, reaching out and upward with delicate searching branches. All of which give the flowering orchard an emerald expanse of grass carpeting the ground expression. In this painting not a stroke was out of place and every stroke seemed to be thought out and chosen carefully. In Monets case, the four trees were created solely with the use of layered similar colors close to each other. Light is reflected in all of the strokes of the painting, creating a unity within the artwork, water appears in the entire lower half of the painting, reflecting the four trees and the sky. Both of these paintings have relied heavily on depth and linear perception to imply three-dimensional perception from a two-dimensional image. Both of these paintings are created using oil paints on canvas. The most important element th...

Learn to Tell Time in German

Learn to Tell Time in German Telling time in German requires knowing three basic ingredients: the numbers from 1 to 59, the German words for to and after, and the fractions quarter and half (past). Heres How: Learn or review the German numbers from 1-59.An hour is divided up like a pie into quarters (viertel) and halves (halb).For half past, you say halb and the next hour. Halb acht 7:30, i.e., half (way to) eight.After is nach. Es ist zehn nach zwei 2:10 (Its ten after two).For quarter past, you say Viertel nach: Viertel nach neun 9:15.To or before is vor (FOR). Viertel vor zwei 1:45. Zehn vor elf 10:50.English oclock is Uhr in German. Es ist fà ¼nf Uhr 5:00 (five oclock).For precise times, you say Uhr between the hour and the minutes: zehn Uhr zwà ¶lf 10:12.For many common situations (timetables, TV guides), Germans use 24-hour (military) time.Add 12 to a pm time to get the 24-hour form: 2 pm 12 14.00 (vierzehn Uhr).To express 24-hour time, be precise: zwanzig Uhr neun 20.09 8:09 pm.Practice your German time-telling skills with every clock or schedule you see. Tips: Make sure you know your German numbers well. Watch out for eins. With time its ein Uhr (1:00).Accept the fact that there are different ways of telling time in different cultures, none of which is better or worse than the others.Remember that understanding the time is usually more important than being able to say it.

Product Management Recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product Management Recommendation - Essay Example ct is worth implementing considering that it has a long life cycle (seven years) which means that the company will probably reap more from it, beyond the time used for the forcast. While the project may cost more in the long run, the benefits it will give the company in respect of reputation and brand strength greatly outweigh the costs. While the project is associated with higher risk, the benefits of its success far outweigh these risks. What’s more, the project, like all the others is associated with a short payback period approximated at one year at the most. From our analysis, we realize that the project is technically and economically feasible given that it has a high rate of return and can be completed in time with good planning. We anticipate that in three years, the project will bring a return of roughly $1600,000 with the investment of an extra $125,000. For the project to be ready for business in good time, it should be completed set up and running by March 20, 2015. To beat this deadline, the project team which includes engineers, designers, financial analysts, and technicians need to get to serious business on November 23, 2014. The procurement department will have ordered all the necessary items before this date in readiness for the project launch. The project manager and supervisors will work together in evaluating the progress of the project. They will track the level of completion of the project, the resources used, and the income generated against the original budget, estimates, and forecasts. The project manager will make adjustments to the schedules as will be necessary. At the end of the project lifecycle in March December 2021, the success or failure of the project will be established. The project will be deemed to be a success if it draws a return of at least $3,800,000 at a maximum total cost of

Why it is important not to miss a military formation Essay

Why it is important not to miss a military formation - Essay Example In addition, formation has a significant role to play in keeping track of where every soldier is at all times. In other words, through formation, the leadership gets clear idea about what a particular soldier is doing and where they are located. Based on the above information, it becomes evident that if a soldier has another appointment, it is necessary to report the same to the squad leader so that the squad leader can report the same to the platoon sergeant. Being a member of the United States Army is a matter of pride. However, being a member of this great heritage means one is supposed to adhere to, and uphold the traditions, courtesies, and heritage of the army. In fact, the offence from my part can be better described as the failure to adhere to the four R’s that make a soldier; right place, right time, right uniform, and right attitude. When I failed to come for the formation in time, I failed to display discipline, respect, and honor. I have to admit the fact that it i s of utmost importance in the army to be on time because it shows values like leadership, commitment, loyalty, and responsibility. In fact, being on time is very vital in military mission, because ones buddies, leadership, and the success of the mission are all heavily dependent on ones ability to be on time. In addition, in military culture, running in formation is considered as a key component of group fitness and unit morale. Furthermore, formations make it easy for the leadership to keep track of weapons. To illustrate, if the platoon sergeant wants to count the number of weapons the platoon has got, the easiest way is to hold a formation, and count the number of weapons, and can check if any details are missing from list. In addition, it becomes possible to see what equipments are missing or misplaced. In addition, such formations help in ensuring all soldiers are well aware about what to do and at what time. In addition, it helps the leadership know which soldier is located an d also at what place. Thus, I understand the fact that it is very important for me to be on time for a military formation, and that too in the right uniform. This is so because it is through military formation that the chain of command gets accountability and collects all the necessary information regarding the soldiers in the company. That means, if I fail to report in time, the entire procedure is slowed down as it becomes necessary to come and look for me, thus hurting the team, platoon and the company as a whole. In fact, morning formation is the most important formation of the day as it is this formation that makes accountability of everyone and puts out any necessary information that should be dealt with. So, missing the morning formation means having no knowledge about accountability and knowing nothing about what is going on and where everybody is. So, I understand that the offence of not showing up for formation is punishable under UCMJ article 15. In fact, one cannot ignor e the importance of formation in army. The United States Army Field Manual 3-0 describes three levels of war; strategic, operational, and tactical. In addition, it is said that the military tactics are to become instinctive through battle drills. There are principles of ambushes, seeking and turning flanks, maintaining reconnaissance, creating and using obstacles and defenses, and so on. Such tactics require the merger of psychology, physics, statistics, and a lot of team work. In fact, combat requires ordered arrangement and maneuver of units in a coordinated manner in order to convert combat power into victorious battles. In such cases, it is evident that the military formation has a very vital role to play in making one prepared and instinctive to face such situations. In

Hartwick College Essay Example for Free

Hartwick College Essay In this extract, we are shown insight into what Pips character has become, by reacquainting him with the convict Magwitch. In this second visit, we can see the contrast between Pips first encounter, and this more shocking scene how Pips persona has changed from an innocent youth, to a selfish, egocentric gentleman. Also, we are given the startling revelation of Pips true benefactor, in a cumulative peak of excitement enriched with Dickens unique writing style. Throughout the text, Pips manner towards others, his way of thinking and even his narrative voice transform to create two reasonably different characters. The extract pictures him as a selfish, pompous young man who shows great ingratitude towards Magwitch asking inhospitably enough whether he would like to come in and pushing away a plea for affection, from one who has worked hard all his life merely to provide Pip with a great wealth, and an undemanding lifestyle. When Magwitch returns to greet his beneficiary, he is treated with less than minor courtesy. Pips younger character however appears far more innocent, showing respect and even compassion towards a convict, who threatens and oppresses him, glad that his stolen food is enjoyed by a complete stranger. This highlights a stark contrast between the Pip displayed in the extract, and Pips younger self. Indeed Dickens seems to point out the irony of such a title at the point in time when society considers him gentleman he is anything but gentle instead he appears malicious and critical of his former friend Joe whose visit he awaits with mortification. The wealthy gentleman is now a moral shadow of the impoverished yet guiltless Pip we are introduced to at the beginning of the story. His simultaneous ascent to aristocracy and fall into selfish spendthrift, leading to his subsequent redemption, are reminiscent of the education novel popular at the time. These tales of apprenticeship were often of mistreated orphans who managed to become wealthy and successful. The stories featured the many obstacles that the hero/heroine would have to overcome, and their popularity peaked around Dickens time. Typically, they explore the youth and young adulthood of a sensitive protagonist who is in search of the meaning of life and the nature of the world (David Cody, Associate Professor of English, Hartwick College.) They tended to contain autobiographical elements, and were sometimes influenced by contemporary social and industrial transformations. There are also some other genres on which the story touches upon, namely the sensation novel the numerable plot twists and shocking revelations form a large part of the structure in this extract we see the startling disclosure of Pips true benefactor, which most contemporaneous readers would perhaps not have guessed. Indeed, these climatic scenes are pivotal to the books success as a serialisation, as well as a novel. To maintain interest in a book that is staged in weekly instalments, Dickens uses a variety of sub-plots to keep the reader engrossed. This eccentric writing style gives the text a unique quality, and the overall effect on the reader is one of shock and intrigue. The rendezvous with the convict in the graveyard, and his death, Miss Havishams fire, and the showdown with Orlick are among the most memorable climaxs we experience as well as Pips second meeting with Magwitch. In this passage, we can see how the writer cultivates tension and makes the most of Magwitchs secret. When extract reaches a pinnacle of excitement, many sentences become long and drawn out, and sentence complexity increases, leaving the shorter, snappier why, Wemmick and would it be J? to further promote interest in the plot, and give a tense, nervous atmosphere. As the scene draws to its zenith, as Pips heart (beats) like a heavy hammer of disordered action, we see powerful metaphors, and repetition of prominent, emotive language (dangers, disgraces, consequences) to give a sense of anxiety and intensify the scene. Language is also used here to alienate the convict from Pip himself. The rich, throaty slang of Magwitchs arterwards, speclated and warmint contrasts against Pips more noble speeches of how he cannot wish to renew that chance intercourse and inquires of the messenger since he undertook that trust. The way Dickens estranges Magwitch from Pip is significant: it symbolizes the delusional notion that Pip is a gentleman, and that he is superior to the convict. Pip believes himself to be changed since that first chance meeting in the graveyard, and thinks that he is now above Magwitch, who is after all a criminal. The irony experienced by the reader is that Pips great wealth and upper class lifestyle is solely attributable to Magwitch himself, and this too is the source of the shock Pip describes. The way Dickens depicts Pips feelings is extremely powerful, as we see Pip suffocating merely from the shock of this news, news that his almost successful attempt to become a gentleman was funded by the dark relic of his youth, whos felonious past appears further from gentry as is possible. This is of course, not the first time we see Pips character interrupted by members of his childhood there was his meeting with Mr Pocket on his arrival to London, and more important, Joes visit to Pip in his London flat. This meeting, like the one with Magwitch we see in the extract, stresses the change we have seen in Pips character by comparing his manner towards someone he knew as a boy, and how he acts towards them now. Upon his visit, Joe is not treated with hostility as such, but Pip denotes that he certainly would have paid money to keep him from coming. As a boy, Pip always stayed friends with Joe despite his obvious stupidity and clumsiness, yet now he wishes more than anything to avoid him. Pips dismissal of Joe in this way turns the reader against him slightly up until now we have supported Pip as the good guy. Pips corruption from an innocent youngster to a snide gentleman, and then back into a more honourable businessman. This cycle of purity, corruption and redemption is an ongoing theme in Great Expectations, and makes subtle references to Christian beliefs of how the life of greed and sin that Pip lived in London, on the wealth of a convict, lead to a corroded innocence that was only liberated through his consequent illness and then his new beginning with Estella. The other theme that appears in the novel, is that of justice and the just punishment of crime. We first see this in the appearance of a convict (though this method of punishment was stopped in 1868 several years after the novel was written) and Dickens portrayal of him as an honest man, who admits to the theft of some broken wittles and a dram of liquor to save Pip from his sister, Mrs Joe. And again, Mrs Joe herself ties in to the punishment theme, her harsh disciplining of her husband and brother again lets us sympathise with those who are chastised, and not the chastisers. Later in the book, we see another example of this when Magwitch is caught. And more subtle instances of punishment such as Mrs Havisham burning for her corruption of Estella (corruption almost being a theme in itself) are also present in the text, giving us a thorough impression of how those who commit crime will always be brought to justice. The time setting of the novel allows Dickens to include these ideas of corporal punishment, convicts and public hangings. To a modern reader, these archaic, brutal methods of upholding the law appear old-fashioned. However, readers of the time would most probably have experienced these events fist-hand, in one way or another. Moral preachings of more passive action towards prisoners and criminals would be relatively new to them, whereas nowadays such views are accepted as standard. The feelings created by the views Dickens has on delinquency, and its retribution, are therefore significantly different between readers of-the-time and present day students. As a modern audience, we also feel compelled, excited, and fascinated by the books intricate plotlines, particularly in this extract. To inspire such strong emotions, Dickens uses many lingual and structural functions, the aforementioned effectiveness of metaphors and imagery to name one. He also writes in the 1st person, which is pivotal to the feelings the book creates: the story is far more personal and involving. Dickens also entwines his plots and subplots very carefully to create a prominent air of tension. As he builds up to the climax of one plot twist, he continues to insert little mini-dramas that leave us waiting for the main storyline to continue. He does this quite often in the novel, and it makes the reading most tense and far less predictable. To a less observant reader, Magwitchs return would be a complete surprise this is where the majority of this extracts attraction lies. Overall, this extract is in fact one of the most outstanding scenes in the book. The build up of excitement before the final revelation of Pip your him! is done with a variety of complex, literary devices, and the twist in the plot and return of a familiar character add to its success. It calls attention to Pips new assumed role, as a self-centred ungrateful gentleman, and is characteristic of Dickens writing style.

Nurse Occupational Stress Essay -- Health, Nursing, Stress

[2492 final] CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. INTRODUCTION We need to be aware that all stress is not negative. Selye a famous psychologist held for two categories of stress, namely good or desirable stress (eustress) and bad or undesirable stress (distress). Eustress is pleasant, or at least challenging, and it always produced maximization of output. It is evident that without this positive inner stimuli no one can be effective in ones life. Distress is something negative and has no capacity to monitor or control a stress filled event in ones life. Here one fails to control oneself and become a slave to stress causing distress and loss to oneself and to the organization he or she belongs. A physical or psychological response is mandatory to occur stress in any living being. (Middleton, 2009). Occupational stress among the health professionals has been a global problem for years now. It can have an adverse mental and physical health consequences and can lead to decreased satisfaction with one's job. For a small group of employees it can even lead to a burnout and sick leaves. Job stress thus has not only negative consequences on themselves, but also for the organization they work. Estimates are that 10% of the Gross National Product in European countries is lost due to stress related absenteeism and turnover. Although absenteeism' in health care is declining the past few years, it is still high compared to other stressful occupational settings such as education, catering industry or transport (Roy, 2010) The researcher has carried out this study in a private hospital in India named Jubilee Memorial Hospital Thiruvananthapuram. In this study the researcher has focused on the occupational stress of the nurses. ... ...luded. In this section the researcher will closely examine the connection between the objectives, reviewed literature and the findings. Chapter -5: The last section of this research report is recommendation and relevant conclusion. 1.14. CONCLUSION In the modern era, nursing profession is a stressful occupation. This study will critically analyse various sources of the occupational stress of the Nurses and its negative impact on their profession. It is definite that future interventions to prevent stress in nurses will be offered as a standard part of a benefit package within all health care organizations. The researcher is optimistic that the Nursing profession will have decreased amount of stress and a well developed increased coping mechanism which will in turn increase job satisfaction and increased quality work performance in Nursing Care.

Albedo in urban and rural temperature settings

Albedo can be defined as the ratio of the amount of light that a ceratin body reflects and the amount that it absorbs (Encarta, 2008). For example, a body that rates an albedo of 0. 3 can be construed to reflect back 30 percent of the light that falls on it, while absorbing the other 70 percent of the light (Encarta, 2008). The term albedo is derived from the Latin term â€Å"albus†, or simply â€Å"white† (Dagmar Budikova, 2008).When the object hit with the sun reflects back most of the sunlight, it is said to have a high albedo ratio (National Science Foundation, 2006). If the surface that is it by the sunlight abosrbs or takes in most of the light, it is said to have a low albedo (Science, 2006). Urban settings usually have low albedo since most of the light is absorbed by the alterations made by man of the natural landscape (Christopher Small). In rural settings, the presence of abundant vegetation (Small).The plant life absorbs most of the sun's light to start the process of photosynthesis necessary for the propagation of plants (Small). This cannot be wholly said for the urban setting, as the plant cover in the urban areas is small compared to the rural environment (Small). But the presence of plant life in the urban setting does have an impact on the air quality and the health of those living in the urban areas (Christopher Small & Roberta Balstad Miller).It is assumed therefore that a host of physical characteristics determine the albedo of a certain body (Encarta, 2008). The moon, for example, has a low albedo rating because of its rough terrain, taking in most of the sunlight that hit it (Encarta, 2008). Venus, on the other hand, reflects back a high degree of the sunlight that it take in, thus could be said to possess a high albedo rating (Encarta, 2008). As stated earlier, the presence of plant life in an urban setting does affect the albedo rating of the area (Small & Miller).In the New York City area, for example, there is a mix of l ow and albedo ratings (Small & Miller). This is due to the presence of trees in the area that are conducive to the build-up of dust and ozone in the specific location (Small & Miller). Research at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) found out the the asphalt used in smoothing out parking lots and roads, and dark-colored shingles and concrete had a high absorption capacity of sunlight than the rural areas surrounding the urban areas (Krishna Ramanujan, 2007).This would result in a higher temperature in the cities (Ramanujan, 2007). References Budikova, D. (2008). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. eoearth. org/article/Albedo Miller, R. B. , Small, C. (n. d. ). Spatiotemporal monitoring of urban vegetation. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. ldeo. columbia. edu/~small/PDF/ISRSE_SmallMiller. pdf. MSN Encarta. (2008). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761587643/Albedo. htmlNational Scienc e Foundation. (2006). Albedo. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. arcticice. org/albedo. htm Ramanujan, K. (2007). Scientists take big steps to measure sunlight reflected by Earth. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. nasa. gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/albedo. html Small, C. (n. d. ). Global analysis of urban population distributions and the physical environment. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www. ldeo. columbia. edu/~small/Urban/SmallUrbEnv2001. pdf.

Assignment on Horlicks

ASSIGNMENT-2 SUB: Pick up a Branded product & explain the Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning of the Product HORLICKS – AN INTRODUCTION Horlicks is a name of the company and of a malted milk hot drink. It is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline in the United Kingdom, South Africa, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Pakisthan, India and Jamaica. Horlicks came to India with British army. British army gave them as a Diet Supplement in the time of World War 1 and then took this as a family drink. It became a sort of status symbol of upper class Indians and middle classes.In recent years, there has been an increase in the scope of the brand in India. Horlicks has become an umbrella brand for a wide variety of products. Now Horlicks is a leading health drink of India for all aged groups. SEGMENTATION & TARGETING Horlicks introduced a wide varieties of product to india. Horlicks meant everything to everybody. It was a health drink that every one consumed. Right from small children to very elderly people Horlicks realized this and came out with its new versions of different horlicks to different customers.Horlicks differentiated the product as follows; Horlicks Junior It is for Pre-school children. Keeping the targeted customers in mind the packaging is cute and package has a picture of a small elephant which is very exciting for small children’s Horlicks Regular It is for General use. Regular Horlicks is a health drink of people of all ages. The packaging is contemporary and has great visuals to attract children and the young adults. Horlicks Mothers It is special nutritional drink with 26 vital nutrients designed keeping the specific needs of the pregnant and breast feeding women.The packaging is very interesting. It is shaped like an hour’s glass Horlicks Lite and Lite bite A nutritional drink and snack specially designed for all health conscious adults and is also suitable for use by people with diabetes. The packaging again is interesting. The horlicks lite is thin and tall. The Horlicks proves that segmentation could very efficient way of holding on and even increasing one’s market share. What is needed is clear focus and clever innovations in adapting product and changing the needs of customers. POSITIONING & RE-POSITIONINGIt was initially introduced both a substitute & an additive to milk and it was initially positioned itself as â€Å"as food for convalescing†& a nutrient supplement for kids only. Re-Positioning From a boring nutritional drink, GSK positioned Horlicks as â€Å"Pleasurable Nourishment† by launching it in vanilla, chocolate and honey variants. It introduced other variants like-Jr. Horlicks, Women’s Horlicks, Mother Horlicks& Horlicks Lite to reposition itself from the children segment to other segment for consumption. Marketing Mix (4 p’s) for Horlicks Product:Horlicks is a widely regarded and highly respected 130-year-old brand. GSK has four brands in the health food drinks segmen t. Apart from Horlicks, which contributes Rs 600 crores in revenue to the consumer healthcare division, it has Boost, Maltova and Viva – the last three are much smaller brands than Horlicks. Faced with stagnating sales in the health food drinks segment, the company has chalked out an aggressive brand push strategy and a revamp for its flagship brand, Horlicks. The relaunch aims to focus on children as Horlicks was previously considered as a nourishment drink for old people.The company expects Horlicks contribution to the total turnover to be around Rs 800 crore which amounts to a major chunk of the company’s turnover. Horlicks is a nourishing malted food drink which combines the wholesome goodness of malted barley, wheat and dairy ingredients. A For more nourishment, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare India Ltd (GSKCH) has relaunched its flagship brand Horlicks. A to enable consumers choose different flavours, Horlicks is now available in Regular, Chocolate, Creamy Va nilla and Honey Buzz varieties in a new package.A Horlicks drinks provide the following essential nutrients: A Proteins, Carbohydrate, Fat, Vitamin A, Niacin, Vitamin B1, VitaminB12, Vitamin E, Vitamin B6, and Iron & Calcium Price: HORLICKS Flavors (Rs) ElaichiChocolateHoney BuzzVanilla Weight (gm)JarRefill PackJarRefill PackJarJar 20057-57— 500108103108103108108 1000199189—- HORLICKS JUNIOR Weight (gm)JarRefill Pack 20058- 500114105 Target market: Earlier Horlicks believed, white drinks are for the entire family in contrast to the browns, whose prime target audience is children.This is probably because whites–whose growth rate is faster than the browns–have the added advantage of being perceived as food which enhances the healthy image of those who are recovering. But gradually they realized that they have to focus on one segment of market that is children. Horlicks is now positioned as a pleasurable nourishment drink aimed at children between the age gr oup of 8 -14. Nowadays children have tremendous influence on the things purchased for the family and therefore we want children to prefer Horlicks as a pleasurable nourishment drink.While all the action will be in the general Horlicks segment, the focus of Junior Horlicks (target segment: kids between one and three) will continue to remain the same. Promotion: The company has earmarked around Rs 10 crores for brand promotion throughout 2003, and 70% of this will be spent in next six months. Sixty-five per cent of the ad-spend (around Rs 10 crores) will be for the visual medium and the balance for the print and others. Apart from the high-decibel media campaign, the company also plans to conduct an inter-school competition called Activity 2003 in which around 1. million students are expected to take part. Unlike its other drink (the Rs 170-crore Boost, promoted by Sachin Tendulkar); the new Horlicks does not have a brand ambassador. While all the action will be in the general Horlick s segment, the focus of Junior Horlicks (target segment: kids between one and three) will continue to remain the same. The brand will continue to talk to the mother since the purchase decision rests with her. Place: It has a strong marketing network in India comprising over 1800 wholesalers and direct coverage of over 4,00,000 retail outlets.Horlicks sales have been strong in the south and eastern markets which contributes about 46 per cent and 47 per cent of the total sales. Milk-deficient South and East preferred white liquid powders (Horlicks, Viva, and Complan) as the drink could be prepared with hot water. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH †¢It is current No: 1 position in the market †¢Variety of product targeting different segments †¢Trusted brand †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœHealth’ is the central idea for all the products of horlicks †¢All the products of Horlicks belong to different categories which will not kill the market of its own product. WEAKNESS Customer perceived v alue of Women’s Horlicks †¢Price of Women’s Horlicks †¢Packaging of Women Horlicks Opportunities †¢Making Nutribar individual brand without the endorsement of Horlicks †¢Creating functional food category with the help of Nutribar (functional foods are those Health foods like energy drinks, cereals and cereal bars which contain health promote ingredients. ) †¢The market for functional foods in India is estimated to be around Rs 1700 crores and is growing very fast. THREAT †¢Cheaper version of Horlicks that is ASHA may damage the brand. CONCLUSION As far as I am concerned

Free Essays on Boeing Case Study

, did not adapt itself to 21st century. Public was thinking of Boeing as a traditional company which does not promote its public image as other similar corporation does. Business Week’s survey suggested that Boeing received no rank among top best 100 companies by public in year 2000. In order to catch up with global growth, Boeing started its branding campaign a bit too expansive and no body predicted such a disaster on septer11, 2001, which caused lots of problems for this company. Goals Boeing moved for right track. They decided to compete with other global brands in terms of public image and goodwill. As Phil Condit, Boeing CEO and chairman, announced at Farnborough air show in 2000, this company goals are focusing on: running healthy core businesses, leverage the company’s strength into both new... Free Essays on Boeing Case Study Free Essays on Boeing Case Study Summary William Boeing founded the Boeing airplane company in early 20th century. After strings of acquisition and mergers, this company grew and became the current largest world aerospace industry. Followed by previous reorganizations in 19990s, this company decided to start its branding campaign in May 2001. This campaign was consisting of lots of effort and structural changes for the first time in this corporate history. The media was showing the initial success of this campaign just after its beginning. Few days after the grand opening of the new headquarter in Chicago, which was part of campaign, the world shocked by the act of terrorism. On September 11, 2001 terrorist used this company’s product as weapon of mass destruction to massacre innocent people. Four Boeing airplanes used by terrorist caused a great concern for this company about its swinging campaign. Some serious decision needed to be taken about branding process. Problems Although Boeing’s top management considered this company as a top global brand, critics believed this company did not make adequate changes in regard to its growth, in other words, did not adapt itself to 21st century. Public was thinking of Boeing as a traditional company which does not promote its public image as other similar corporation does. Business Week’s survey suggested that Boeing received no rank among top best 100 companies by public in year 2000. In order to catch up with global growth, Boeing started its branding campaign a bit too expansive and no body predicted such a disaster on septer11, 2001, which caused lots of problems for this company. Goals Boeing moved for right track. They decided to compete with other global brands in terms of public image and goodwill. As Phil Condit, Boeing CEO and chairman, announced at Farnborough air show in 2000, this company goals are focusing on: running healthy core businesses, leverage the company’s strength into both new...

5 Factors for Effective Business Writing Training

5 Factors for Effective Business Writing Training When it comes to business writing, which encompasses everything from email and report writing to marketing messages, even the Fortune 500 companies face crisis. All around theglobe, organizations spend millions onstaff training for leadership, motivation, team†building and whatnot, but invest far less in business writing training. This is a costly mistake.In mostcompanies, employees spend fully 40% of their time †Ã¢â‚¬  or more †Ã¢â‚¬  writing each day. Enhancingthis skill will greatly reduce time writing each document and yield better business writing. Traditionally, business writing typically referred to reports, proposals and memos. Thatnarrow definition is long gone. Every aspect of every business function is carried in some formof writing. New documents have emerged †Ã¢â‚¬  and some of them must be written and maintainedfor compliance with corporate or federal governance and other regulations. In such cases, the last thing your business needs is employees with poor writing skills. This iswhy your business’s primary objective, at the time of hiring, should be to assess the writing skills of your potential employees. After assessing your employees' writing skills, you will have a clear idea (ideally you will have a clear measurement) of current business writing skills and how to improve business writing skills overall. If you feel that your company lacks the necessary business writing skills to write relevant and structured content that clearly elicits the right business response, you can improve employee business writing abilities either by conducting an internal tutorial program or hiring outside expert training. In either case, here are the five most important factors that make up an effective business writing training session: 1) Qualification(s) The first step is to evaluate and verify the credentials of the writing expert and trainer who will conduct the business writing training. The instructor should be well†trained and experienced specifically in business writing, not writing in general. Look for a background in rhetoric, which indicates the trainer understands all aspects of business writing, including thinking, organization, creativity, relevance to audience purpose. Without an understanding of rhetoric, your business writing training could devolve to simplegrammar training. Good business writing training is much more than that. 2) Program Structure An effective business writing training class addresses both the substance and the syntax of documents. While syntax is easier to teach and to find an instructor for, substance requires a thorough understanding of your business, writing requirements, and relevant information involved. It is necessary to appoint an instructor who has both a mastery of English languageand who has taught writing and rhetoric as a subject previously.3) Customization There are several off†the†shelf business writing training programs and software available in the market. They offer a cost†effective way to improve business writing skills for your employees, but they may or may not be the right match for your particular company documents and employee skill gaps. One-size-fits-all doesn’t work with business writing, given its wide application. Search for a company that specializes in offering customized business writing training in addition to off†the†shelf options. This will ensure you’re dealing with a company that truly understands business writing. You will also save costs by gaining a customized business writing training program that does not have to built from scratch. 4) Continual Support Effective business writing training is not just a single event. Transforming your employees’ business writing skills involves continual training. After any business writing training program, make sure there is opportunity to ask ongoing questions and receive ongoing resources. Business writing standards evolve quickly. Make certain your employees have access to new information. 5) Flexibility Lastly, the business writing training should be flexible in two ways. First, it should achievethe desired results †Ã¢â‚¬  improve your employees’ business writing skills. Secondly, the training logistics should be flexible to match your requirements. Can the training support a large, onsite delivery? Can the training support a large, online delivery? Are online and onsite and general and customized options available to best match your needs? Will the company work with you to ensure logistics match what you want? Demand this. Download my eBook, â€Å"Four Steps to Improve Your Team’s Business Writing Skills"to learn more on what makes up a good business writing training session.Read and discover the secret art to effective business writing and maintaining your company’s image and efficiency through proper communication. Or, schedule a complimentary consultationwith a business writing expert to help your team write better at work.

3. To what extent has the ability of governments to improve economic Essay

3. To what extent has the ability of governments to improve economic performance diminished over the last two decades Analyse the efforts of the state to impro - Essay Example overnments do not have control over their populations, as crime syndicates control the economy, making it impossible for the government to improve the conditions of the majority. These issues are significant because they prevent many governments from looking out for their own country’s interests and forcing them to go along with the ideologies of others, which prevents them from improving the country’s economic performance, as â€Å"recently, many have argued that competitiveness is strongly influenced by government policyâ€Å" (Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, 4). Michael Porter’s five forces of competitive analysis are the bargaining power of customers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitute products, and the intensity of competitive rivalry. This theory can be applied to how governments improve the economic conditions of their country in a variety of different manners, mostly due to their interactions with other countries, as â€Å"government actions can also dramatically increase or decrease the likelihood of international competition† (Porter, Competitive Strategy, 181). International trade is something that will always be debated because it is interesting to see who has the advantages and why. The most common manner by which to explain the advantages that certain countries have over others in trade in by using a comparative advantage model. There will always be different scales because of the various differences between countries’ finances, education levels, population, demographics, resources, and other factors. China, where â€Å"economic liberalization has registered great success without substantial political reforms,† (Feng 252) is a country that has traditionally been used for its labour, due to its extremely high population and its lack of good paying jobs. The variable in this situation is that Chinese companies are beginning develop their own products for distribution, which is a direct

ABSTRACT AND CONCLUSION for my critical communication event in recent Essay

ABSTRACT AND CONCLUSION for my critical communication event in recent history - Essay Example Critical communication encompasses several avenues, taking the simplest avenue at one point, and a complex one at another. These avenues include: the press, film, radio, television, internet and wireless communication. This paper will focus on individual critical communication avenues, and further define the interrelationship between and among these avenues in the context of an event in recent history. Emery Orto, a 6-foot 350-pounds suburban Chicago man, was denied flying with Southwest Airlines from Las Vegas to Midway because of his size (Netter, 2009; eTurboNews Inc., 2010). He was not ready to buy a second ticket nor did he communicate with the Airlines personnel properly so that they could see he was right by letting him board the plane and seeing for themselves (Monson, 2011). After the incident happened, there were a lot of people who were of the point of view that Orto should have been allowed to fly (Texas, 2009). But critically analyzing the situation, one comes to know that the Airlines personnel was only doing its duty by questioning Orto as by boarding him with only one seat booked would not only have made him uncomfortable but the comfort of other passengers sitting next to him was also at stake. The customer of size policy of South West Airlines (2011) states that, â€Å"Customers who are unable to lower both armrests and/or who compromise any portion of adjacent seating should proactively book the number of seats needed prior to travel†. This incident got media’s attention and became a hot topic just because of Orto’s ego and unwillingness to communicate with the Airlines personnel. I believe that Orto should have kept his ego aside. The personnel reports that Orto was offered to board the plane to show that he could fit in one seat without disturbing his seatmates, but he refused which shows irrational behavior and reluctance to

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 3

Project Management - Essay Example roject manager,  £75 per hour for managerial staff,  £65 per hour for technical specialists, $55 per hour for senior development staff and  £45 per hour for development staff. The total project duration, as per Appendix B, is from 10th January of year 1 to 21st April of Year 2, which is a total of 101 days or approximately 65 weeks. The project Manager has to be paid for the entire duration of the project, hence amount payable to project manager for working 37 hours per week for 65 weeks amounts to  £2,28,475. Managerial staff are likely to be paid during the analysis and workshops section of every phase. As per Appendix B, this segment lasts for 102 days in Phase 1, 82 days in Phase 2 and 67 days during Phase 3. This amounts to a total of 251 days or approximately 35 weeks. The daily wages payable for 4 members of managerial staff for a 37 hour week works out to a maximum of  £3,88,500. The development segment for phase 1 is 102 days, phase 2 is 93 days, phase 3 is 55 days, bringing it to a total of 250 days or approximately 35 weeks. Senior development staff are likely to be used for this stage of the project. An estimation of maximum possible costs for six senior developmental staff working a 37 hour week works out to  £4,27,350. The testing and training stage of the project would be where technicians are working, and this is 61 days during phase 1, 30 days during phase 2 and 14 days during phase 3, i.e., a total of 105 days or approximately 15 weeks or  £1,44,300. The deployment and handover stages are likely to be carried out by the development staff and the duration of these stages are 18 days for phase 1 and six days each for phases 2 and 3 respectively; i.e., a total of 24 days or approximately 3 weeks. For 10 members being paid  £45 per hour for a 37 hour working week, the total amount works out to  £4,99,500. Also to be factored in are the costs of hardware procurement and development, which have been estimated by Stuart Dickson as being about

The Transaction Oriented Middleware

The Transaction Oriented Middleware Middleware is a class of software technologies designed to help manage the complexity and heterogeneity inherent in distributed systems. It is defined as a layer of software above the operating system but below the application program that provides a common programming abstraction across a distributed system. In doing so, it provides a higher-level building block for programmers than Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) such as sockets that are provided by the operating system. This significantly reduces the burden on application programmers by relieving them of this kind of tedious and error-prone programming. Middleware frameworks are designed to mask some of the kinds of heterogeneity that programmers of distributed systems must deal with. They always mask heterogeneity of networks and hardware. Most middleware frameworks also mask heterogeneity of operating systems or programming languages, or both. A few such as CORBA also mask heterogeneity among vendor implementations of the same middleware standard. Finally, programming abstractions offered by middleware can provide transparency with respect to distribution in one or more of the following dimensions: location, concurrency, replication, failures, and mobility. The classical definition of an operating system is the software that makes the hardware useable. Similarly, middleware can be considered to be the software that makes a distributed system programmable. Just as a bare computer without an operating system could be programmed with great difficulty, programming a distributed system is in general much more difficult without middleware, especially when heterogeneous operation is required. Likewise, it is possible to program an application with an assembler language or even machine code, but most programmers find it far more productive to use high-level languages for this purpose, and the resulting code is of course also portable. Usage of Middleware There are various different kinds of middleware that have been developed. These vary in terms of the programming abstractions they provide and the kinds of heterogeneity they provide beyond network and hardware. Generally, middleware services provide a more functional set of application programming interfaces to allow an application to:- Locate transparently across the network, thus providing interaction with another service or application Filter data to make them friendly usable or public via anonymization process for privacy protection (for example) Be independent from network services Be reliable and always available Add complementary attributes like semantics Transaction Oriented Middleware (TOM) (or Distributed Tuples) A distributed relational database offers the abstraction of distributed tuples (i.e. particular instances of an entity), and is the most widely deployed kind of middleware today. It uses Structured Query Language (SQL) which allows programmers to manipulate sets of these tuples in an English-like language yet with intuitive semantics and rigorous mathematical foundations based on set theory and predicate calculus. Distributed relational databases also offer the abstraction of a transaction (which can also be performed using Transactional SQL or TSQL). Distributed relational database products typically offer heterogeneity across programming languages, but most do not offer much, if any, heterogeneity across vendor implementations. Transaction Processing Monitors (TPMs) are commonly used for end-to-end resource management of client queries, especially server-side process management and managing multi-database transactions. As an example consider the JINI framework (built on top of Java Spaces) which is tailored for intelligent networked devices, especially in homes. Advantages Users can access virtually any database for which they have proper access rights from anywhere in the world (as opposed to their deployment in closed environments where users access the system only via a restricted network or intranet) They address the problem of varying levels of interoperability among different database structures. They facilitate transparent access to legacy database management systems (DBMSs) or applications via a web server without regard to database-specific characteristics. Disadvantages This is the oldest form of middleware hence it lacks many features of much recent forms of middleware. Does not perform failure transparency Tight coupling between client and server Remote Procedure Calls A Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is an inter-process communication that allows a computer program to cause a subroutine or procedure to execute in another address space (commonly on another computer on a shared network) without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this remote interaction. That is, the programmer writes essentially the same code whether the subroutine is local to the executing program, or remote. When the software in question uses object-oriented principles, RPC is called remote invocation or remote method invocation. Remote Procedure Call Middleware (RPCM) extends the procedure call interface familiar to virtually all programmers to offer the abstraction of being able to invoke a procedure whose body is across a network. RPC systems are usually synchronous, and thus offer no potential for parallelism without using multiple threads, and they typically have limited exception handling facilities. Advantages Language-level pattern of function call which is easy to understand for programmers. Synchronous request/reply interaction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Natural from a programming language point-of-view à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Matches replies to requests à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Built in synchronization of requests and replies Distribution transparency (in the no-failure case) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hides the complexity of a distributed system Various reliability guarantees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Deals with some distributed systems aspects of failure Failure Transparency is performed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ May be due to network and/or server congestion or client, network and/or server failure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In such situations an error maybe returned to programmer, either at once or after the RPC library has retried the operation several times. Disadvantages Synchronous request/reply interaction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tight coupling between client and server à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Client may block for a long time if server loaded hence needs a multi-threaded client à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Slow/failed clients may delay servers when replying multi-threading essential at servers Distribution Transparency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not possible to mask all problems RPC paradigm is not object-oriented à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Invoke functions on servers as opposed to methods on objects Message Oriented Middleware Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM) provides the abstraction of a message queue that can be accessed across a network. It is a generalization of the well-known operating system construct: the mailbox. It is very flexible in how it can be configured with the topology of programs that deposit and withdraw messages from a given queue. Many MOM products offer queues with persistence, replication, or real-time performance. Advantages Asynchronous interaction Client and server are only loosely coupled Messages are queued Good for application integration Support for reliable delivery service Keep queues in persistent storage Processing of messages by intermediate message server(s) May do filtering, transforming, logging, etc. Networks of message servers Natural for database integration Disadvantages 1) Poor programming abstraction (but has evolved) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rather low-level (cf. Packets) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Request/reply more difficult to achieve, but can be done 2) Message formats originally unknown to middleware à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No type checking (but JMS addresses this in its implementation) 3) Queue abstraction only gives one-to-one communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Limits scalability (JMS publisher/subscriber implementation) Java Messaging Service The Java Message Service (JMS) API is a Java Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) API for sending messages between two or more clients. JMS is a part of the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, and is defined by a specification developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 914. It is a messaging standard that allows application components based on the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) to create, send, receive, and read messages. It allows the communication between different components of a distributed application to be loosely coupled, reliable, and asynchronous. Web Services A web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices. The W3C definition of a web service is as a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically Web Services Description Language WSDL). Other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards. There are two major classes of Web services, REST-compliant Web services and arbitrary Web services. In REST-compliant web services the primary purpose is to manipulate XML representations of Web resources using a uniform set of stateless operations. Whereas in arbitrary web services, the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations. Big web services use Extensible Markup Language (XML) messages that follow the SOAP standard and have been popular with traditional enterprise. In such systems, there is often a machine-readable description of the operations offered by the service written in the Web Services Description Language (WSDL). The latter is not a requirement of a SOAP endpoint, but it is a prerequisite for automated client-side code generation in many Java and .NET SOAP frameworks. IBM MQ Series IBM WebSphere MQ (formerly known as IBM MQSeries) is a message-oriented middleware platform that is part of IBMs WebSphere suite for business integration. Messages are stored in message queues that are handled by queue managers. A queue manager is responsible for the delivery of messages through server-to-server channels to other queue managers. A message has a header and an application body that is opaque to the middleware. No type-checking of messages is done by the middleware. Several programming language bindings of the API to send and receive messages to and from queues exist, among them a JMS interface. WebSphere MQ comes with advanced messaging features, such as transactional support, clustered queue managers for load-balancing and availability, and built-in security mechanisms. Having many features of a request/reply middleware, WebSphere MQ is a powerful middleware, whose strength lies in the simple integration of legacy applications through loosely-coupled queues. Nevertheless, it cannot satisfy the more complex many-to-many communication needs of modern large-scale applications, as it lacks natural support for multi-hop routing and expressive subscriptions. Object Oriented Middleware (OOM) or Distributed Object Middleware (DOM) Object Oriented Middleware provides the abstraction of an object that is remote yet whose methods can be invoked just like those of an object in the same address space as the caller. Distributed objects make all the software engineering benefits of object-oriented techniques encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism available to the distributed application developer. Every object-oriented middleware has an interface definition language (IDL) and supports object types as parameters, exception handling and inheritance. It also presents the concept of client and server stubs which act as proxies for servers and clients. The stubs and skeletons are created using the IDL compiler that is provided by the middleware. In addition, the OOM presentation layers need to map object references to the transport format. This is done via marshalling and unmarshalling of serialized objects. Advantages Support for object-oriented programming model Objects, methods, interfaces, encapsulation, etc. Exception handling is supported Synchronous request/reply interaction same as RPC Location Transparency system (ORB) maps object references to locations Services comprising multiple servers are easier to build with OOM RPC programming is in terms of server-interface (operation) RPC system looks up server address in a location service Disdvantages Synchronous request/reply interaction only and therefore ad to implement Asynchronous Method Invocation (AMI) in the technologies. However this led to tight coupling. Distributed garbage collection is available which will automatically release the memory held by unused remote objects OOM is rather static and heavy-weight. This is bad for ubiquitous systems and embedded devices Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) CORBA is a standard for distributed object computing. It is part of the Object Management Architecture (OMA), developed by the Object Management Group (OMG), and is the broadest distributed object middleware available in terms of scope. It encompasses not only CORBAs distributed object abstraction but also other elements of the OMA which address general purpose and vertical market components helpful for distributed application developers. CORBA offers heterogeneity across programming language and vendor implementations. Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) DCOM is a distributed object technology from Microsoft that evolved from its Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) and Component Object Model (COM). DCOMs distributed object abstraction is augmented by other Microsoft technologies, including Microsoft Transaction Server and Active Directory. DCOM provides heterogeneity across language but not across operating system or tool vendor. COM+ is the next-generation DCOM that greatly simplifies the programming of DCOM. Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is a facility provided by Java which is similar to the distributed object abstraction of CORBA and DCOM. RMI provides heterogeneity across operating system and Java vendor, but not across language. However, supporting only Java allows closer integration with some of its features, which can ease programming and provide greater functionality. The RMI compiler generates stubs and skeletons for the coded Client and Server programs. The server class usually inherits from a pre-coded Unicast Remote server object and a security manager is installed. This class is then registered using the RIM Naming service. Any client can look-up a remote server object on the registry; provided its name is known. Reflective Middleware Reflective middleware is simply a middleware system that provides inspection and adaptation of its behavior through an appropriate causally connected self-representation (CCSR). It is a type of flexible object oriented middleware for mobile and context-awareness applications. Its adaptation to context is through the monitoring and substitution of components. It also provides interfaces for reflection and customizability. Objects can inspect the middleware behavior and it allows for dynamic reconfiguration depending on the behavior. Advantages It is more adaptable to its environment and better able to cope with change Useful in hostile and/ or dynamic environments More suited for multimedia, group communication, real-time and embedded environments, handheld devices and mobile computing environments Event Driven Middleware This is new underlying communication paradigm for building large-scale distributed systems on top of a middleware. Event-based communication is a viable new alternative for the above mentioned middleware types and it uses events as the basic communication mechanism. First, event subscribers, i.e. clients, express their interest in receiving certain events in the form of an event subscription. Then event publishers, i.e. servers, publish events which will be delivered to all interested subscribers. As a result, this model naturally supports a decoupled, many-to-many communication style between publishers and subscribers. A subscriber is usually indifferent to which particular publisher supplies the event that it is interested in. Similarly, a publisher does not need to know about the set of subscribers that will receive a published event. Advantages Asynchronous communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Publishers and subscribers are loosely coupled Many-to-many interaction between pubs. and subs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scalable scheme for large-scale systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Publishers do not need to know subscribers, and vice-versa à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dynamic join and leave of pubs, subs, (brokers see lecture DS-8) Topic and Content-based pub/sub very expressive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Filtered information delivered only to interested parties à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Efficient content-based routing through a broker network Hermes This is a scalable, event-based middleware architecture that facilitates the building of large-scale distributed systems. Hermes has a distributed implementation that adheres to the design models developed in the previous chapter. It is based on an implementation of a peer-to-peer routing layer to create a self-managed overlay network of event brokers for routing events. Its content-based routing algorithm is highly scalable because it does not require global state to be established at all event brokers. Hermes is also resilient against failure through the automatic adaptation of the overlay broker network and the routing state at event brokers. An emphasis is put on the middleware aspects of Hermes so that its typed events support a tight integration with an application programming language. Two versions of Hermes exist that share most of the codebase: an implementation in a large-scale, distributed systems simulator, and a full implementation with communication between distributed event brokers. Advantages Logical Network of Self-Organizing Event Brokers (P2P) Scalable Design and Routing Algorithms Expressive Content-Based Filtering Clean Layered Design Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) The Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) was created in the early 90s to address the emerging need for asynchronous communication in multimedia and sensor-rich applications. It introduced the publish-register-notify paradigm for building distributed applications. This design paradigm allows the simple extension of synchronous request/reply middleware, such as CORBA, with asynchronous publish/subscribe communication. Middleware clients that become event sources (publishers) or event sinks (subscribers) are standard middleware objects. First, an event source has to advertise (publish) the events that it produces; for example, in a name service. In addition to regular methods in its synchronous interface, an event source has a special register method so that event sinks can subscribe (register ) to events produced by this source. Finally, the event source performs an asynchronous callback to the event sinks notify method (notify) according to a previous subscription. Note that event filtering happens at the event sources, thus reducing communication overhead. The drawback of this is that the implementation of an event source becomes more complex since it has to handle event filtering. Despite the low latency, direct communication between event sources and sinks causes a tight coupling between clients. To address this, the CEA includes event mediators, which can decouple event sources from sinks by implementing both the source and sink interfaces, acting as a buffer between them. Chaining of event mediators is supported but general content-based routing, as done by other distributed publish/subscribe systems, is not part of the architecture.