PROJECT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Undertaking 1 - Essay Example Business culture will in general make bargains that influence training in a negative way. There is an expansion in the degree of mystery that worries research. The explanation is that the corporate world will in general offer sponsorship to consider. The mystery makes space for benefits. The creator contends that pioneering learning will in general be an achievement for the time being. Nonetheless, the foundations that have a central spotlight on the scholastic qualities will in general develop as the achievement, over the long haul. The frameworks additionally will in general accomplish open trust that is a premise of the capacity to beat fundamental rewarding endeavors. Thus, in spite of the craving to win benefits, the scholastic greatness is the autonomous variable for any instructive foundation. Some other analyses raise the level that outcomes in the impact of interests. For example, most pioneering frameworks experience issues in distributing assets for research in the diverse examination fields. The case may prompt breakdown of such foundations, over the long haul. The distribution centers around the negative effect of commercializing training. The book plots the move in center from review understudies as run of the mill customers entire school has the assessment of an item. The mentors in the class have a perspective on being specialist co-ops instead of being advisers for the whole preparing process. The creator calls attention to that commercialization of instruction are subject to globalization. The other perspective that causes commercialization is the ascent of sound innovation. The issue of joblessness and the hole between the wealthy in the economy and the individuals who don't have additionally goes about as a maker of business instruction. Commercialization of instruction has made the genuine part of figuring out how to change. The schools will in general utilize hard terms of the understudies in an offer to win new clients. The understudies, then again, learn with the end goal of breezing through the test as opposed to increasing new information. At the end of the day, instruction is the obtaining of

The Relationship Between Customer Satisfaction And Organisational Profitability Finance Essay

The Relationship Between Customer Satisfaction And Organizational Profitability Finance Essay It is verifiable truth that the objective of any association is to address the issues and the prerequisites of its partners. Fulfilling this need won't just guarantee the endurance of the association yet additionally permit it to prosper. Among the few partners, clients are ventured to be one of the most significant partners as no association can endure and prevail without them. Appropriately, advertisers accentuate on look into in the zone of purchaser conduct and especially social aim. Information on shopper conduct will go far in guaranteeing viable advertising arrangements towards the enthusiasm of clients which will in the long run encourages positive client mentality towards the associations. All the more particularly, since client social aim is a solid sign of his real conduct. 2. Because of money related division progression in Sri Lanka in the 1979, the financial area encountered a blast. Low section necessities, for example, capital of Rs 10 million by the administrative power and the high premiums that could be earned through outside trade business prompted the speedy passage by new players into the rewarding financial industry. In Sri Lanka between the time of 1979 to 2011 the quantity of business banks rose from 11 to 32 (Central Bank of Sri Lanka-CBSL)Â [6]Â 3. The financial business is profoundly serious, with banks contending among one another; yet in addition with non-banks and other money related organizations (Hull, 2002)â [7]â . Most bank item improvements are anything but difficult to copy and when banks offer about indistinguishable types of assistance, they can just separate themselves based on cost and quality. Along these lines, client maintenance is conceivably a powerful apparatus that banks can use to increase a key preferred position and make due in todays ever-expanding banking serious condition. Most of Sri Lankan business banks are possesses by Sri Lanka Banking organizations and the States and they are very little broadened as far as the items and administrations they offer. In this manner practically all banks are offered practically indistinguishable items to their clients. Mendzela, was of the view that it means that bank arriving at the development period of the item lifecycle and has become commoditized. One vital center that banks can actualize to stay serious is hold the same number of clients as possibleâ [8]â . 4. As talked about before, money related segment has demonstrated exceptional development after deregulation in Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan money related markets have encountered radical changes after budgetary progression during 1979 and that incites rivalry among monetary establishments particularly in banking area. This opposition prompts the presentation of client arranged items in the market to meet the desires for clients. Fulfillment is a multidimensional develop which has been conceptualized as an essential for building connections and is commonly portrayed as the full gathering of ones desires (Oliver, 1980). 5. The most noteworthy pattern, applicable to all enterprises, which describes in 21st century, is extreme rivalry between organizations. In current operational condition, characterized by consistent change and vulnerability, associations are compelled to look for better approaches to accomplish the upper hand. This is especially valid for money related administrations industry where deregulation has acquired a significant decision for clients fulfilling their requirements. Banks have high money related influence capital structure, where clients bank stores are considered as a bank obligation. Accordingly, client turnover may result in lessening net revenue as well as in budgetary administrations supplier presence. Aside from that, faithfulness and fulfillment bringing about changing to another monetary administrations supplier might be utilized as an upper hand for procurement new piece of the pie alluring purchasers of the contender. 6. Consumer loyalty has become fascinating apparatus for business saves money with the opposition and it has become a training to keep client fulfilled by banks, as fulfilled clients will upgrade client steadfastness towards their banks which will at last improve banks execution and productivity. The significance of consumer loyalty can't be excused in light of the fact that glad clients resemble free promoting. Huge numbers of us have known about the present pattern for organizations to turn out to be exceptionally client driven, that is to put the client at the focal point of our business regarding our methodologies, activities and procedures. For the greater part of us, old realities despite everything hold well, with the way things are simpler and more beneficial to offer to existing clients than to discover new ones. Practically speaking, associations are progressively setting themselves methodologies to gauge and guarantee client maintenance, and charging their staff to be more client centered and administration arranged. BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY 7. As indicated by Central Bank of Sri Lanka the general execution of Licensed Commercial Banks (LCBs) stayed sound because of improved benefit and the fortifying of their capital position. The exercises of LCBs extended at a moderate pace in the primary portion of 2010. All out resources of the LCBs extended by Rs. 139 billion or 5.5 percent because of a development in loaning exercises combined with an expansion in interest in government protections and the values advertise. In the mean time, stores expanded by four percent or Rs. 74 billion as against 9 percent in the earlier year because of the lower financing costs that won in the market during the periodâ [9]â . 8. As referenced before, banking area has indicated extraordinary development after deregulation in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan money related markets experienced intense changes after advancement during mid 1979 that incites extreme rivalry among budgetary establishments particularly in banking division. This opposition prompts the presentation of client orientedd items in the market to meet the desires for clients. 9. As indicated by the Fitch Ratings (2012)â [10]â , Sri Lankan financial segment is focused and overwhelmed by open segment banks that represented about portion of segment resources at end of 2010. The six enormous banks recognized as Systemically Important Banks (SIB)Â [11]Â accounted for 64 percent of part resources at end of 2010. They are Bank of Ceylon,Commercial Bank, Hatton National Bank, Peoples Bank, Sampath Bank and Seylan Bank. Fitch evaluations has additionally brought up that the Sri Lankan financial framework encountered a solid upswing in benefit in 2010, with ROA expanding to 1.8 percent, essentially over the 1.1 percent normal in 2000-2009, generally because of a decrease in credit costs. Notwithstanding, gainfulness diminished in 2011, with the segment posting a ROA of 1.6 percent, generally because of the withdrawal in net intrigue edges (NIMs) with heightening rivalry. 10. Almazari(2011)â [12]â was of the view that money related execution of a bank is its arrival on venture, return on resources, esteem increases and net resources estimation of a bank assesses how the bank has utilized it advantages for produce income. Further Almazari has brought up that absolute resources of a bank likewise help to assess how well a bank is utilizing its assets to make a benefit. Absolute resources of business banks in Sri Lanka for the periods 2007-2011 is given beneath. The cutting edge business world has extended and rivalry has been made among organizations dependent on the benefit. Budgetary administrations and help gave by the financial area in Sri Lanka is at the top. These banks give offices not exclusively to standard individuals yet in addition for agents. Consumer loyalty assumes an essential job in any fruitful business association in todays business technique. To go ahead through this business banks need to contend with one another to accomplish their objectives, while satisfying the fundamental necessities to fulfill their clients. At the earliest reference point, the primary reason for building up banks were to give advantage for chosen rich individuals, yet at present, all degrees of individuals are profited and gotten the administrations from banks which have being extended everywhere throughout the nation. The present financial industry in everywhere throughout the world is experiencing tempestuous occasions. In Sri Lanka with the bringing down of passage obstructions and obscuring product offerings of banks and non-banks since the budgetary part changes, banks are working progressively under serious weights. This circumstance has made banks to keep up faithful client base for singular banks. So as to keep up a devoted client base and improve their market and benefit positions, practically all the banks are coordinating their systems towards expanding consumer loyalty and dependability through improved help quality. In the present serious Sri Lankan financial setting, portrayed by quick change and progressively advanced clients, it has become significant that banks in Sri Lanka too to decide the administration quality components which are appropriate to the clients choice procedure. Consequently the present issue for the financial business in Sri Lanka is to decide the dimensionality o f client impression of administration quality. This is provided that administration quality measurements can be recognized, bank ought to have the option to improve the conveyance of client impression of value during the administration procedure and have more noteworthy power over the general result. Corresponding to client steadfastness all banks in Sri Lanka has embraced different projects to keep clients fulfilled however as per conversation did before, open household banks are performing better than the administration possessed banks in the nation. 12. Fundamentally, Banks Profitability is estimated with two significant proportions that of Return on Average Assets and Return on Average Equity. Profit for Average Assets and Return on Average Equity of five enormous business banks are for the p

To Read or to Listen, That Is the Question

To Read or to Listen, That Is the Question This is a guest post from Sadie Trombetta. Sadie is a freelance writer and self proclaimed foodie living in the greater Boston area. She is a ravenous reader, Netflix addict, and nature enthusiast who can usually be found hiking up one mountain or another with at least four books in her backpack. Shes a passionate feminist whose hobbies include cooking, crafting, and yoga. Sadies writing has appeared in numerous online publications including Bustle, Ravishly, BookBub, The Kitchn, and Redbook. Her versatile work covers a range of topics including womens issues, literature, cooking, health wellness, and news. Follow her on Twitter  @lady_strombetta. Paperback or hardcover, digital or print, physical or audio, I’m addicted to books of every size, shape, and form, which is why, whenever it comes time to buy a new one, I find myself questioning: what kind should I get? In my decades of experience, I’ve come up with a pretty good system for deciding. For the longest time, I was a strictly physical book reader. I scoffed at e-readers, rolled my eyes at the mere idea of audiobooks, and harshly judged anyone whose digital library was bigger than their physical one. But as I got older, traveled more, and began reading out of the home more often than I read inside the home, I started to see the benefits of alternatives to my traditional paperbacks and hardcovers. I slowly started dabbling in other forms of reading, and it didn’t take me long to realize that holding a slim Kindle on the train or listening to a book through headphones at the gym is a lot easier than juggling an actual book. It took even less time for me to come up with a system for deciding what kinds of books to get in which form. Like any true book-lover, I know that I will never get rid of my library â€" I still aspire to have a Belle-esque room filled with every book ever written â€" but I have come to learn there is a time, a place, and a genre for every form of book. And while a lot of it may depend on personal taste, I think there are a few general rules of thumb when it comes to one of the hardest questions a book-lover can be faced to ask: to read, to click through, or to listen? When you read a physical book,  it requires both mental and physical effort, because not only does your brain have to process the words on the page in front of you, but your body has to stay still long enough to keep the pages in front of you . The story you read has to be captivating enough to keep your attention, to keep you seated, and to keep you motivated to hold your arms up. When you commit yourself to a physical book, you commit yourself to hours of not just reading, but to carry around extra weight, to submit yourself to potential paper cuts, to subject your shoulders and your neck to the strain of holding a heavy novel. I know I’m making reading sound more dramatic, and perhaps more dangerous, than it really is, but the truth is that reading a physical book is a lot of work, so when you decide to put the effort in, you expect a story that’s worth every turn of the page. That’s why when I decide to read a physical book, I pick something that is quite literally a page-turner: thrillers, mysteries, horror books, and dramatic stories. When my brain is occupied trying to solve the crime, uncover the secrets, or guess the ending, my body is too distracted to care about staying still. In many ways, e-readers require the same physical effort that reading bound books does: you have to hold onto a physical item and stay still long enough to actually read what is in front of you. But with an e-reader, the effort is minimized because of the size and convenience of electronic devices. That’s why, when deciding what to get in digital form, I usually go with longer books I would otherwise hate to lug around in my bag: science fiction, lengthy fantasies, and historical fiction. With the help of an e-reader, a 1,200 space opera isn’t nearly as intimidating (or as heavy) as the printed and bound version. Audiobooks, on the other hand, don’t require any physical commitment, but they do require mental endurance. Unlike physical books, or even e-readers, audiobooks don’t allow you to skim the pages or skip ahead to dialogue, and they don’t let you check out of the story, either. Because there is nothing physically in front of you to look at and reference, audiobooks force readers to pay more attention, lest they miss an important detail and have to “rewind” the story. That’s why nonfiction books and essay collections work well in audiobook form: they’re loaded with information, but their structure makes it easier for listeners to get the whole story, and the syntax generally translates well in spoken form. Listening to a nonfiction audiobook is just like listening to a long podcast: you can learn and absorb a lot that you might have otherwise missed if you were reading about it on paper. What you read and how you read is highly dependent upon your own personal preferences, but take it from someone whos done it all: you fan find the right fit, no matter the story, no matter the form, no matter the preference. That’s just the power of reading.

Technology And Its Effects On Our Lives Essay - 1792 Words

Everyday technology is manipulated and used by many people around the world. Technology describes the usage of technical means to interact with life, society, and environment, through an electronic device that is applied by science. Many people are slowly becoming attached to technology and relying on more of these resources because it makes their life easier. However, technology is slowly hurting a ton of people by being smartphone dependent, reducing our communication skills and disabling people from being productive. Many people are dependent on their smartphones. First of all, various individuals who use these cell phones are regularly on it. These problems happen when people are giving their undivided attention to their smartphones which causes them to ignoring the people nearby and not paying attention to their surroundings while they are moving from one place to another. Additionally, smartphones are slowly transitioning to our life where everyone will have a need for them and rely on them for any problem that arises in their life. Smartphones are becoming more advanced with the limitless supply of better quality phones, accessibility to the Internet, different apps, and other entertainment. As a result, the numerous commodities present in the technological development of smartphones is a distraction to everyone who uses one. The evolution from the first cell phone called the handheld Motorola to the unbreakable Nokia then the flip phones and the making of theShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Effect On Our Lives1199 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology is helping us to advance in the world. When we talk about technology, most people’s first thoughts would be about phones, laptops, the internet etc. This is because every single argument I found against technology is talking about how we waste so much time on devices and how it is ruining human interactions and real life communication. What they don’t know is that while it does do all of these things, there are some good things that technology has brought upon us. Some examples are thatRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Our Lives1065 Words   |  5 PagesWe live in an age where technology is practically unavoidable if you live in a developed area. We don’t realize how much we really rely on technology in almost every facet of our lives. It’s a known fact that it is almost inevitable it will keep advancing, which is imperative to our development; but what about its social effects? There is no doubt in anybody’s mind that technology has definitely helped keep people in better contact than ever before, but the in-person interaction has actually hadRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Our Lives864 Words   |  4 Pages Technology We live in a society that is completely obsessed with the invention of technology, which has both a negative or positive effect on our lives. Technology has taken over the twenty first century, showing us how powerful it actually can be. Coming in contact with the invention of technology every day, it is hard not to excel in how to operate it. Once we have accomplished how to properly perform the duties on certain technology, we may become more addicted to it although most of usRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Our Lives1402 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday technology is manipulated and used by many people around the world. Technology describes the usage of technical means to interact with life, society, and environment, through an electronical device that is applied by science. Many people are slowly becoming attached to technology and relying on more of these resources because it makes their life easier. However, technology is slowly hurting a ton of people by being smartphone dependent, reducing our communication skills and disabling peopleRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Our Lives1499 Words   |  6 PagesNeuroimaging technology Madeline Johnson 242015 ECH 2025 001 As time has advanced so has technology; the world has watches that along with telling what time it is the watch also tells us who is calling us and how we slept at night. Along with so many other amazing inventions for our daily life there have been miraculous milestones with our neuroimaging inventions; scans range from being able to tell us where our brain is functioning during a task to allowing us to catch diseases such as cancerRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Our Lives1679 Words   |  7 Pagespeople use technology eleven hours of the average waking hours of sixteen to eighteen. That is sixty one to sixty eight percent of waking time on technology. Overuse of any thing is unhealthy, especially overuse with so many adverse effects. Technology has three main categories of unhealthy effects. Physical, Mental/Emotional, and Social/Environmental. Because of its wide range of unhealthy effects on several aspects of life its use should be limited. Technology has unhealthy effects on many aspectsRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Our Lives1756 Words   |  8 PagesI. 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However, people do not realize all that we are losing, as we gain techn ological knowledge. In the eighties having a cellphone was a luxuryRead MoreEffects Of Technology And Media On Our Lives958 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Technology and Media in our lives With the advancement in media and technology, almost anything is possible nowadays. Looking back a couple years ago, people did no have cellphones, computers or televisions to occupy and make their lives easier. With the development of these products and more, people are able to communicate and do work much faster and more efficiently. Society has come a long way with technology and media and to say that there are no negatives to them would be falseRead MoreThe Effects Of Media And Technology On Our Lives1828 Words   |  8 Pagesyou can to survive. Notice, I stressed the word â€Å"seem†, because I want us to explore the current generation of growing African American males and the effect of media and technology in their lives. Studies show that media images have a large impact on perceptions when the viewers have less real world experience with the topic. In an age where technology brings together different ideals, cultures and belief systems through the Internet and soc ial media, one can assume that accurate stories are being

Duty Of A Service Relationship - 1929 Words

Fiduciary duty is a service relationship whereby the individual that owes the duty or the trust, such as the board of directors to the individual empowering the trust, such as the shareholder, performs a service. The board of directors carry out the services to the best of their ability on behalf of the individuals empowering them with that authority. Directors or board member’s responsibilities are to be aware not only of the Witten laws- statutes, thing that they are responsible for but also to unwritten law- precedent and their duties. These duties are: duties of care, diligence, obedience, loyalty and so on. Fiduciary duty or duty of care is exercising a judgement that is reasonable an important person would exhibit and process of†¦show more content†¦Duty of loyalty is important for the survival of an organization and its stakeholders. For example, the director of a company when issuing shares to the public creates an obligation in the part of the company to the shareholders. The directors of a company by using the shareholders’ investment must make sure that he/she does not create any conflict of interests between the company objectives, the shareholders, the managers and all the staff. Using the shareholders’ money to create an economic benefit to the directors only is considered to be a breach of fiduciary duties. In contrast, the directors must act in the best interest of the company and the shareholders. While performing its duties and responsibilities, directors and executives must also respect and be obedient to the organisation, its mission, by laws and policies as well as honouring all terms and conditions of other standards that will be appropriate such as laws, rules and regulations. This forms part of the duty of compliance. Moreover, directors have Duty to manage Accounts. The board members are responsible for the charities, financial stability and accountability. they do this by primarily establishing procedures to keep the organisation operating in a fiscal manner. Board members are obligated to honour the standards with regard to all decisions and actions. Furthermore, Due Diligence is the care that a reasonable person exercises under the circumstanced to avoid harm to other persons on their

Happiness in China Free Essays

string(48) " great economic growth in the past few decades\." Introduction This paper mainly focuses on Chinese happiness index and its influencing factors analysis. There are many things we are eager to get, such as freedom, money, promising job, reputation, etc. However, we do not pursuit these things themselves, what we want is the improvement of happiness. We will write a custom essay sample on Happiness in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those things have value only when they directly or indirectly promote the feeling of happiness. Gross national happiness (GNH) is an indicator that measures quality of life or social development in a scientific term. In the 1970s, the king of Bhutan proposed the concept of Gross National Happiness. He believed that government should aim to create happiness. The national happiness index should be improved including the factors both in the material and in the spiritual. The GNH index identifies four aspect of national happiness development: good governance, economic growth, cultural development and environmental protection (Hu, 2011). With the rapid development in China, the government takes the index to measure the national happiness. However, there is no exact quantitative definition about how many factors influence the GNH. The paper therefore will analyze the factors that impact China’s gross national happiness from social, economic and politic perspective. Social Factors The education system Education in China does not focus on the students’ practical ability and interests in studying. These schools focus on students’ test scores instead of the students’ potential. Teachers desire to have the top students rather than â€Å"bad students†. A student’s scores represent his or her personality. From elementary to high school, students have no elective courses. The teachers’ task is to teach students how to get high scores on the exams. The students are over stressed. They go to school about 6 o’clock in the morning, they stay up studying at night (Hu, 2011). It is impossible to become relax under such pressure. If students want to be admitted to top universities, they have to study hard. Studying is the only thing they need to do. The universities just require students’ outstanding scores from the college entrance exam. Therefore, a special group of students called returning students who re-attend classes after failing the college entrance exam. Many students re-attend high schools classes year after year until hey are admitted to a top university (Hu, 2011). The only scale to measure one’s capacity is the diploma. Furthermore, students would prepare the postgraduate examination in order to find a better job. From elementary to the college, students care for nothing except studying. The situation leads to a decreasing unhappiness index for China’s student and their parents (Hu, 2011). Qu ality of marriage In China, marriage is based on one’s family background, which is a significant factor that affects many couples of all ages. Even in modern times, a great number of young people in China will obey family arrangement. Oftentimes, if one’s family live in poor conditions, the party will be rejected by the other party’s family with an excuse ( Luo, 2009). Even in marriage, the couples have to struggle for their future, such as house, car, money. If the couple fails, they may divorce each other. Sometimes, the marriage may only be decided by the money not affection. This is the reason that the Chinese couple have a low happiness index in marriage( Luo, 2009). Social security system China’s social security system is not perfect and in the process of reformation. What is worse, the aging of society is the new pressure added on society security system. China’s population continues to grow. The expert predicted the total population will reach 1. 5 billion by the middle of the 21th century, and the elderly population will exceed 300 million. Due to the one-child policy, the common families have only one child. As a result, the number of retirees will continue to work to reduce the burden on their family (Hu, 2011). Furthermore, the ensure pension and medical insurance system is still incomplete in China. The members of family save money for the older family member not for traveling or entertaining. If someone is sick in family, it could make the whole family in dilemma (Hu, 2011). These situations place a heavy burden on younger generations. The young people have the responsibility to take care of the parents and to rise the next generation. The problem also increases the unhappiness index for Chinese life. There are so many social factors that influence the Chinese happiness index. China’s government should take measures to provide the people a higher quality environment for life to increase happiness index. Economic Factors The price of commodities In China, the price of commodities has risen significantly. It has gone beyond the income level of many common people. Housing price, especially, has gone too high in recent years (Orlik, 2013). Many people in China make every effort to earn money to buy a house. They work day and night. They give up the opportunity to travel. They dare not to have dinners in restaurants. They consider that whether they should buy clothes or not. All efforts are made to buy a house. Especially, people who borrow money from the banks are under a lot of pressure for repayment. Their mortgage payments are most part of their monthly salary so they do not have enough money to spend on other things. Even if they are not satisfied with the current work, they dare not to resign. Due to high housing prices, many people have become slaves to their houses and live under tremendous pressure in all aspects. To their surprise, the prices of houses have become much higher! It is awkward that a common person cannot afford a common house in China (Orlik, 2013). There is no doubt that the high commodities price is not good for the physical and mental health of the people. In order to have better living, the people pay the high cost. This situation is not beneficial for the improvement of happiness index in China (Orlik, 2013). Income Inequality China has great economic growth in the past few decades. You read "Happiness in China" in category "Papers" However, the average incomes are higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The phenomenon of income inequality is obvious in China(Finance and economics,2012). The income of the famers is mainly depended on the land, but the agricultural output is limited. They cannot become rich just by a few acres of land. A lot of rural residents abandoned their land and go into cites with nothing, these peasants are called migrant laborers. They can do are limited occupation due to the lack of professional skill. Women worked in labor-intensive goods and services with the minimum wages. Men worked as builders risking their lives. More badly, they may not be paid after the work is finished. Even through migrant laborers live in the same city with urban residents, their living conditions are totally different(Finance and economics,2012). The inequality income make the labors live in the bottom in the cities. However, migrant laborers still do not want to go home due to the worse living condition. These situations make migrant laborers have low happiness index(Finance and economics,2012). Opportunity of job The imbalance of employment between supply and demand exists in China. China is in the peak of the population, there are a lot of workers need jobs. For the rural laborers, they would like to go to urban for better life environment. The urban has an increasing pressure on employment because the surplus rural laborers move to urban. The rapid growth of new workers is far more than the growth of job creation. The situation is also confronted by the college graduates. The continuous development of Chinese higher education has produced hundreds and thousands of college graduates annually. Unemployed college graduates become a common phenomenon (Economy Watch, 2010). The unemployment problem influences the happiness index on Chinese people. More badly, it could lead to the social unstability. To solve this social problem, the government should make efforts for better employ environment (Economy Watch, 2010). Political factors Democracy Democracy is defined as the rule that manages state affairs according to the principle of equality, the minority is subordinate to the majority. The United States and European countries have very mature democracy. However, China is a developing country,much of the system is not perfect and it does not achieve a complete democracy. (Pei, 2013) In western countries, the separation of the powers is a political doctrine. It is divided into executive power, judicial power and legislative power. Even if the president commits crime, judicial independence can prosecute his action. For example, the former president of Taiwan who broke the law, an independent judiciary made trial for him (Kelly, 2013). While China implements the system of people’s congress and the Communist Party commands all the system, it produces the law privileges. They use the privilege to corrupt and the subordinate officials provide shelter for them. Furthermore, the phenomenon of bribery is very severe. Clerks pay bribes to get the ideal position. These situations result in people low happiness index (China daily, 2010). Freedom The political freedom involves many aspects including freedom of speech, freedom of assemble and freedom of vote and so on. These freedoms can regard as the sign of human right. The political freedom should be treated as the ultimate goal of Chinese political reform and development. Freedom of speech is the political right to communicate one’s opinions and ideas. While Chinese people almost have no rights, the speech against party or government is prohibited by the reality of media and the internet; Freedom of assembly is the individual right to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue and defend common interests. Due to the rule of one-party monopoly, the Communist Party of China do not allow to make other the parties or groups. In this way, the power is not restricted. The individual without organization’s management have no power to oppose it; Freedom of vote refer to every citizen has the freedom right to vote for a leader. As long as you have ability and ambitions, everyone has the opportunity to be leader. The candidates can introduce policies to get votes so that people will benefit. Unlike China, official is appointed behind the relationship or money (political right and freedom, 2013) The system of organization in China leads to those problems, which is the reason that the Chinese have less political freedom. The government should try to implement the multiple party coexist structure so that Chinese people can have real freedom. People could have a high happiness index in China. Equality The equality is a social state in which all people within a specific society have the same status in certain respects. The social equality includes equal rights under the law, such as security, voting rights, property rights, and equal access to education, health care and other social securities. It also includes equal opportunities and obligations. (Gay, 2013) In China, all kind of reasons cause to the inequality in many aspects. Such as, there are inequality relationships between superior and subordinate in official circle because of the lack of the voting system. It has the inequality of education distribution because the imbalance development of district economic. These situations lead to a decreasing unhappiness index in China’s community. Conclusion Based on the researches, this paper mainly carried on a study in Chinese happiness index via analyzing the influenced factors. The social, economic and politic factors were considered as the factors that have great influence on happiness index. In support of the basic result, this paper undertook a systematic analysis from these aspects. Ultimately, there is conclusion that all kinds of factors have a significant impact on happiness. Furthermore, considering the actual situation in China, the majority of population are middle and lower income workers, farmers, and unemployed. Their living standard determines the overall level of happiness in society. Therefore, it is very urgent and important to design proper policies to enhance these people’s happiness level. Several policy recommendations are put forward to the government to increase the citizen’s happiness index. First, it could be suggested to build a sound social system. The government should remain a primary priority to make Chinese residents get better education and satisfy their needs. And building a social security system protects the middle and lower income residents. In addition, the government should guide sustainable and stable development of economics. It is important to regulate wealth gap between rich and poor and control the excessive imbalance of income distribution. The government should also adjust economic structure and improve the demand capacity for labor to reduce unemployment. Finally, the politic factors have the lowest feeling of happiness in society. The government can reform and establish multi-party democratic constitutional system instead of one-party monopoly in china. The rights, free press, freedom of assembly and open elections, is the basic need of human beings for high happiness (Hu, 2012). Because of the constraint of time, this paper ignored some other factors when doing research. Furthermore, many countries have a higher level of happiness, such as some Nordic countries. We can compare Chinese economical, social and political data with those countries. Through comparison, we can detect some deeper reasons to guide our new research. References Centre For Bhutan Studies. (2013). Bhutan GNH index. Retrieved from http://www. grossnationalhappiness. com/articles/ CSR. (1998, October). The development research center of the state council of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from http://www. chinacsrmap. org/Org_Show_EN. asp? ID=133 China Daily. (2010, February). Retrieved from http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/china/2010npc/2010-02/09/content_9449872. htm Finance and economics. (2012). A new survey illuminates the extent of Chinese income inequality. Retrieved from http://www. economist. com/news/finance-and-economics/21568423-new-survey-illuminates-extent-chinese-income-inequality-each-not Gay, M. (2013). Equality center. Retrieved from http://www. hrc. org/the-hrc-story/equality-center Hu, A. (2011, February 24). China must measure happiness. Retrieved form http://www. chinadialogue. net/article/show/single/en/4130–China-must-measure-happiness- Hu,Z. (2012). Chinese Happiness index and its influencing factors analysis. Retrieved from https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=vq=cache:87W_oHEJOfMJ:kth. diva-portal. rg/smash/get/diva2:517428/FULLTEXT01+Chinese+Happiness+Index+and+Its+Influencing+Factors+Analysishl=zh-CNgl=uspid=blsrcid=ADGEEShbzAfX43ywu53VUiBsILTQM_2xIECL1yhLg0dKRhYpo8cyrWY_1dE6DcH4MqqAvZDp-CbZjTIuhHTZOZq2NjNO19gljUbgNwzp1GqoKkG7V4Fw58wu-95VtfDDqgpP6u2-9A5Esig=AHIEtbRIrzxH_PxOcD30dRfTyXFbz4oftg Kelly, M. (2013). Separate of powers. Retrieved from http://americanhistory. about. com/od/usconstitution/g/sep_of_powe rs. htm Luo, A. (2009, November 5). The differences between Western marriage and Chinese marriage i learnt. Retrieved from http://www. gzstuff. om/profiles/blogs/the-differences-between Orlik, T. (2013, January 16). Hope for home buyers in China. Retrieved form http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424127887324235104578242043338468974. html Political right and freedom. (2013). Retrieve from http://baike. baidu. com/view/512465. htm Pei, M. (2013, February 13). 5 ways China could become a democracy. Retrieved fromhttp://thediplomat. com/2013/02/13/5-ways-china-could-become-a-democracy/ Spiiker education group. (2012). High housing prices in China. Retrieved from http://www. spiiker. com/intensivereading-detail/intensivereading/24832789. html How to cite Happiness in China, Papers

Leadership Styles and Patient Safety for Nurses -myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theLeadership Styles and Patient Safety for Nurses. Answer: Nurses play a major role in the health setting and the manner in which they are managed by their leaders affects their performance and patient outcomes. The nurse leaders have the responsibility of establishing a culture of patient safety and this is greatly influenced by the kind of leadership style they choose. Effective nurse managers ensure that the best resources and manpower are sufficiently utilized in order to realize optimal patient outcomes and quality of care. They use appropriate leadership styles to do so and also to attract and retain the top-performing nurses. There are various leadership styles that have a major impact on patient safety such as transactional, transformational, democratic, laissez-faire and authoritarianstyles (Frankel PGCMS, 2017). This essay will focus on transformational, transactional and laissez-faire types of leadership and the various ways they affect patient safety in healthcare. Patient safety is an important principle in healthcare and it refers to the reduction of risk of medical errors and negative effects to patients. It is a discipline that emphasizes mainly on safety in healthcare which is achieved through reduction, prevention and reporting of unnecessary errors that lead to adverse effects (World Health Organization, 2016). This is greatly influenced by the type of leadership style used by nurse leaders who are in a better position to control the healthcare environment. Generally, all leadership styles have their own place and a good leader ought to know the most appropriate one to be implemented at a particular situation. The chosen style has an impact on the nurses performance and this can be seen through patient satisfaction and safety, the levels of medication and recording errors, patient falls, hospital-acquired infedtions and patient mortality rates (Wong, 2015). According to James McGregor Burns, transformational leaders engage with their subordinates in a manner that both the leaders and followers boost one another to greater levels of morality and motivation (Fischer, 016). Therefore, transformational leadership can be defined as a style in which the leaders conduct inspires and transforms the followers. Leadership is by example. The leaders are proactive and motivate their followers to strive for greater performance. The followers feel encouraged to perform beyond the levels of expectations and to put the good of the organization before their self-interests. This style embraces inspirational motivation which entails the provision of a vision for the future by the leader to their followers and motivating them to exceed the levels of expectations. Additionally, it includes intellectual stimulation which replaces the conventional assumptions and beliefs with a novel culture. The leader is always concerned with the skills and needs of each of their followers and this can be termed as individualized consideration (Yoder-Wise, 2014). Transactional leadership is a style whereby the leader encourages compliance with rules amongst their followers using rewards and punishments. Those who follow the set rules and instructions and manage to achieve the set goals are rewarded appropriately. Conversely, those that fail to obey and achieve the set goals are punished. This style majorly focuses on supervision of followers, ensuring that the organization runs effectively and improving group achievements. The leader pays attention to the followers performance in order to find deviations or fault. Transactional leadership is suitable in times of crisis and emergency cases and also when highly detailed tasks need to be done in a specific manner (Lorber, Treven Mumel, 2016). In laissez-faire leadership, the leader gives little or no instructions or supervision and takes a hands-off approach. They prefer to let their followers do what they have to do on their own, probably believing that they will perform without guidance. Although it promotes independence, this style can have many adverse effects. First, crucial decisions are not made on time and positive changes rarely take place in the organization. Quality improvements are made only when the situation demands so. This approach is often used by inexperienced or new leaders who are still learning or by transitional leaders who believe that things will be dealt with by their incoming replacements (Lorber, Treven Mumel, 2016). The above leadership styles have different impacts on patient safety. To begin with, transformational leadership has been greatly associated with improved safety and reduced adverse effects in the healthcare setting. When this approach is used, things are done more carefully as followers are determined to go beyond the usual level of expectations. In a number of studies previously conducted, it has been related to reduced patient mortality rates as well as reduced medication errors (Vaismoradi,Griffiths, Turunen Jordan, 2016). The style has also been related to reduced patient falls. Additionally, studies have reported that this style is related to fewer cases of hospital-acquired infections. Patients tend to receive quality carein a safe climate. It has also been identified with increased patient satisfaction in the home health care and acute care settings. Since the leader leads by example and motivates followers to exceed their expected levels of performance, there is reduced sta ff turnover trends as compared to other styles. Generally, it has been considered to be a style that has positive contributions to a safer climate in healthcare (Hutchinson Jackson, 2013). On the other hand, the laissez-faire style of leadership has been seen to have a negative effect on unit socialization as it cultivates a culture of blame among the followers. Subsequently, this has a negative effect on patient safety. Due to the lack of directions and supervision, there are several cases of medication errors, patient falls and hospital-acquired infections (Merril, 2015). Transactional leadership has its focus on the reward system of nursing tasks instead of the holistic nature of organizing, facilitating and communicating evidence-based care. The focus shifts from patient safety and outcomes and followers are determined to complete the assigned tasks and acquire the conceptualized reward. This style may put the patients safety at risk and its effectiveness has not been proven in the provision of quality care. Besides this, the positive effects of transactional leadership are short-lived and the leader only intervenes when something goes wrong (Wong, Cummings Duchar me, 2013). However, in a case where the transactional leader sets clear expectations for their subordinates, this style plays a significant role in engaging the nurses in patient safety efforts. It also helps to ensure that the followers adhere to the set safety policies since obedience calls for a reward. An effective transactional leader is vigilant and monitors performance to ensure that there are no conditions that endanger the patients safety (Grossman Valiga, 2016). In conclusion, the essay has discussed on the transformational, transactional and laissez-faire types of leadership and the various ways they affect patient safety in healthcare. In this case, it is the role of nurse leaders to ensure that patient safety is upheld. To this end, they need to choose the most suitable style of leadership and as evidently seen, transformational leadership is the most effective. The transformational leadership conduct of nurse leaders will encourage the staffs attitude towards safety guidelines and this will influence their compliance with patient safety practices. In return, there will be reduced patient mortality, erroneous medication, patient falls and hospital-acquired infections. On the other hand, laissez-faire style of leadership has a negative effect on patient safety. Transactional leadership can promote patient safety if appropriately used and when the leaders are vigilant and strict enough to ensure that safety guidelines are adhered to. A good leader should know when to use a certain leadership style by first assessing the situation and then determining the best style. References Fischer, S. A. (2016). Transformational leadership in nursing: a concept analysis. Journal of advanced nursing, 72(11), 2644-2653. Frankel, A., PGCMS, R. (2017). What leadership styles should senior nurses develop? Hospital, 10 00. Grossman, S., Valiga, T. M. (2016). The new leadership challenge: Creating the future of nursing. FA Davis. Hutchinson, M, M., Jackson, D. (2013). Transformational leadership in nursing: towards a more critical interpretation. Nursing inquiry, 20(1), 11-22. Lorber, M., Treven, S., Mumel, D. (2016). The Examination of Factors Relating to the Leadership Style of Nursing Leaders in Hospitals. Our economy, 62(1), 27-36. Merril, K. C. (2015). Leadership style and patient safety: implications for nurse managers. Journal of Nursing Administration, 45(6), 319-324. Vaismoradi, M., Griffiths, P., Turunen, H., Jordan, S. (2016). Transformational leadership in nursing and medication safety education: a discussion paper. Journal of nursing management, 24(7), 970-980. World Health Organization. (2016). Patient safety assessment manual. Wong, C. A. (2015). Connecting nursing leadership and patient outcomes: state of the science. Journal of nursing management, 23(3), 275-278. Wong, C. A., Cummings, G. G., Ducharme, L. (2013). The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: a systematic review update. Journal of nursing management, 21(5), 709-724. Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2014). Leading and Managing in Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Justification of the Bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics Games †Rio de Janeiro

Introduction Long in history, different events are hosted in different places around the world. The events are very diverse and include sporting events, cultural, religious, and environmental among many others. Major sporting events are known to attract very many participants such as the Olympic Games.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Justification of the Bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics Games – Rio de Janeiro specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A lot of planning and management decisions are deployed by the organizers of such events. The hosting nations for such events must show course in line with the preparations to host such an event (Davis, 2012). Overview of the Olympic Games The world Olympics is a global sporting event. It is held after every four years. The games are held in after every two years in an alternating way – in summer and winter though the major event is held after four years. The O lympics event is managed by the International Olympics Committee (IOC). The Olympics is one of the biggest sporting events of a global nature. It is also one of the longest sporting events in the world sporting calendar (Toohey and Veal, 2007). The Olympics attracts the highest number of participants of all the sporting events in the world. This is quite a complex sporting event since different disciplines of sports are hosted at once. It is a sporting event of a kind where almost all disciplines of sports are brought together. These include the famous sports like football, athletics, and almost all other ball games. The numbers of sports that are hosted in the Olympics have also been increasing with time meaning that the size of the event has also been growing. The Olympics is the leading events in terms of the number of participating countries. It also attracts the highest number of sports men and women because of the many sports that take place in the event. Currently, more than 200 countries do participate in the event (Mallon, Buchanan and Heijmans, 2011).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The overall administration this event is done by the IOC which aided by the Olympic governing bodies present in every country. These Bodies are known as National Olympic Committees (NOC). The NOC administers the activities concerning the event at national level. For instance, they oversee and ratify the selection of the national teams that participate in the event (Mallon, Buchanan and Heijmans, 2011). The Olympic Games are said to have started in Olympia, Greece during the 8th century. These games have a rich history. The IOC was founded in 1894. The IOC selects a committee which oversees a certain Olympic event. As of now, the Olympic Games attract approximately fourteen thousand participants. These participants do take in different sports – totaling to 33 as it stands now. These sports happen in more than four hundred events. The host city, for the event, is chosen by the major governing body – the National Olympics Committee – through a bidding exercise (Toohey and Veal, 2007). The host city must meet the minimum qualification standards set by the IOC. Once selected, the hosting city is given responsibility of organizing and funding of the Opening celebrations of the Olympic event. The celebration of the event entails many activities and or rituals and symbols. These include the Olympic torch and flag, and the two ceremonies – opening and closing ceremonies. The first three winners, in each sporting event, are awarded medals. The winner gets a gold medal while the first and second runners up are rewarded with silver and bronze medals respectively. The Olympic events have grown to the scale where almost every nation participates in the Olympic event. This means that country and city that are accredited to host th e event must have adequate logistical capacity. This is because man challenges both structural and non-structural will be encountered as the country prepares to host the event (Young, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Justification of the Bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics Games – Rio de Janeiro specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rio de Janeiro, which is the capital city of Brazil, will be the hosting city for the 2016 summer Olympics. All events will take place in different arenas and stadiums within the city. In a general sense, Brazil is a sporting nation though it is mostly associated with football. The country has been advancing in other sporting fields. In a general sense, the country has good infrastructure – transport and building infrastructure. This is critical as the event attracts very many participants and spectators. The major reason for the nation to bid for hosting the event is th at the country will host the 2014 FIFA world cup. Rio de Janeiro will be one of the hosting cities for the world cup event. Many developments structural and non- structural are expected to take place in readiness for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. This will make it easy for the country to host the 2016 Summer Olympics. The country is making a lot development that will put it in a better place to handle the number of visitors during the World Cup. A huge population of guests is expected to attend the world cup event. This will cheer up the nation and its sports lovers. The Olympics will be an extrapolation of the sporting mood in the country as it will come only one and a half years later. Most of the adjustments will be needed in the sporting infrastructure as reflected in the need for construction of fields for many other sporting activities. For the football games, the stadiums are expected to be of very high standards as they will be furnished as they host the world cup. The other thin g that boosts the potential of the city to host the Olympic is that football is amongst the sports in the Olympic Games. Therefore, it is increasingly probable that most of the people in the country will come out to support the Olympic Games. This will be achieved through the way of spectating and in logistical preparations (Li, MacIntosh and Bravo, 2012).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Olympics is quite a lengthy event that takes place in a minimum of three weeks. Rio de Janeiro faces significant competition from other cities bidding to host the event. This is an indication that the city must have a competitive advantage over the other cities as it concerns the event. It must be noted that several cities are bidding for the same event thus a good assessment of the capacity of the country will be clearly brought out in the bid (Li, MacIntosh and Bravo, 2012). Methodology Research Methods Strategic marketing research was used to study the hosting city and country. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used given that this is a huge event. The research was multidimensional both focusing on the physical infrastructure and other important aspects like the political climate, the socioeconomic, technological, environmental and security of the potential hosting city- Rio de Janeiro. The physical infrastructure was assessed from three angles: the spor ting facilities, the transport sector, and hotels and restaurants. Other features that were covered in the research were the cultural aspects of the population, the general economic conditions of the country, and the sporting history of the country among many others. Physical assessment was conducted by specialists who observed the fields and other structures that are needed to host the event. Research Tools Research tools used included questionnaires that were used to get information from relevant departments. Observation was used in collecting data on physical infrastructure. Interview guides were also employed in the research to source for information from the main stakeholders. In the preparation of the bidding report, research was conducted which captured all aspects which determine the capacity of Rio de Janeiro and the Larger Brazil as a nation to host the event. Economic, social, political, physical and technological aspects were assessed. Different tools and methods of anal ysis were also used in the assessment of the city. These include the SWOT and PESTLE analyses. Findings and Analysis Brazil is a huge nation in respect to the geographical size, population and infrastructure. Rio de Janeiro is one of the cities that are well known across the world. This is because it is a relatively big city. The city has a rich culture of tourism. It has good beaches and many other iconic landmarks. The city has for a long time received visitors from different regions of the world who come to enjoy its iconic features. If granted with the opportunity of hosting the Olympic Games, people will get a chance of not only enjoying the sporting events but also the serine environment of the city (Stanley, 2010). Benefits of the Olympic Games for Rio de Janeiro The hosting of these games in Rio de Janeiro will bring a lot of benefits not only to the inhabitants of the city but also the country as a whole. Some of the long term problems of the city will be dealt with by virt ue of preparing to host the event. The infrastructure if the city will be greatly improved. More development opportunities will also be availed to the residents of the city. The transport and communication network will be improved. More sporting structures will be set up. The hotel and Restaurant industry will also be improved. All these activities will enhance the creation of various job opportunities for the jobless population in the city. The sporting infrastructure will further open up the country to other sports adding to football which is the major sport in the country. New sporting and other technologies will also be introduced in the country which will see sporting improvement. Problems of insecurity in the city will also be addressed thus creating a favorable environment for business. Tourism will also be greatly boosted by the event. Tourism boosts the general economy of a country because the foreign currency gained from tourism helps in offsetting deficits in the balance of payment (McGuirk, 2009). The research conducted proves that many programs that will be implemented will result in many socioeconomic changes. These changes will affect the lives of the citizens of Rio de Janeiro in a positive way. Direct investments will increase bringing about economic transformation. More investment opportunities will be created for investors in the country including investment in sports and or sporting activities. The entire arms of the Government of Brazil have agreed to support the city in its bidding efforts. Government support is needed more so in financing projects required as preconditions for successful bidding. Political and Economic Environment of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil Political Environment Brazil as a country has had a stable government which embraces democracy with good records of human rights protection. It is a multiracial country. There are very little cases of racism and racial conflict reported in the country. Brazil is mentioned along side other nations around the globe with a huge population. Rio de Janeiro is the capital city of Brazil. Brazil has enjoyed good foreign relations with almost all countries in the world. Brazil has a devolved system of government. There is the federal, state and the city governments. The city of Rio de Janeiro is governed by the city government. All the three governments have pledged support for Rio de Janeiro’s bid for hosting the Olympic and Paralympic games. All the three arms of the government have sporting departments, which work in collaboration to achieve sporting goals in the county. The city government of Rio de Janeiro is collaborating with the state and the federal governments. This collaboration is aimed at effecting activities and projects that will put the city and the country in a better place to host the event. With total support from all arms of government, a lee way for hosting the games is automatically created (Morrison, 2012). Security within the city of Rio e Janeiro is relatively good. However, as noted earlier, the city has a relatively huge population. Most of the population in the city is comprised of low income earners. The gap of inequality in incomes is very big. The rate of drug trafficking and criminal violence is also very high. Drug trafficking and criminal activities have combined to create insecurity in the city. Major plans to improve security have been developed and are being implemented by the government in readiness for the World Cup. More security groups are being deployed in the city, and the population is being trained on how to enhance security (Arias, 2006). Economic Environment Brazil is one of the countries is the world that has the quickest growing economy. The country is transforming into a middle income economy with a lot of changes happening in the economy. Also, there is a lot of infrastructure developing which is one of the indicators of a growing and or a developing economy. Brazil has an active econ omy which is relatively competitive in the global economic competition. From the year 2000, the gross domestic product of the country has been growing. In the year 2011, the Gross Domestic Product of the country was at approximately 1.7 trillion United States Dollars. The country has no history of natural calamities and disasters. Coupled with the state of the economy, this puts the country in a better place as far as the attraction of investments both from its own people and foreigners. For a country which is gaining momentum in economic growth, the Olympic Games will be a major booster for the economy. It will trigger speedy development of the economy through quick investments. However, this development must be highly guarded failure of which it may become unsustainable. Unsustainability can result from decisions that are made in rush in order to meet requirements and which can cause mal or poorly planned development and investment (Daft, 2012). The economy of Brazil has suffered now and then from inflation negatively affecting the exchange rates of its currency. The Brazilian government together with its citizenry has been able to effect policies that have enabled the stabilization of the economy. The economic stability has led to improved living standards (McGuirk, 2009). Rio de Janeiro, which is the potential hosting city for the 2016 summer Olympic Games, is one of the most populated cities in the world. The city has fairly good infrastructure. Most of the roads in the city are in a good or what can be termed as a standard condition. For a city that aims to host an event of this magnitude, good transport infrastructure is a critical consideration. The country is still investing in transport infrastructure improvement. With Rio de Janeiro being the capital city of the country, the city stands out to benefit from these investments in a significant way (McGuirk, 2009). Rio de Janeiro is a coastal city. Therefore, the city has embraced tourism as one of its major events. The city has good beaches and resorts which attracts both internal and external tourists. The city has good hotels that are reserved for tourists who visit the region to enjoy the tourist icons in the city. The hotels and restaurants will be needed to host the visitors who will attend the world summer Olympic Games. In actual sense, good hotels and restaurants are a need in hosting the Olympic Games. Approximately 20,000 direct participants are expected to attend the event with many other thousands coming in as spectators. In a general sense, more than half a million visitors are likely to visit the city. Tourism will benefit the hosting of the event in two ways. Tourism is a significant attraction of visitors in the city. Therefore, it will entice an increased number of visitors who will not only attend the event, but also tour the city. The second factor is that tourism has boosted the hotel industry which is important for hosting the visitors. More development of th e hotel industry is expected to take place. This is boosted by the fact that Rio de Janeiro has been selected to host some of the games during the 2014 world cup. A lot of changes are already being affected in readiness for the 2014 FIFA world cup event (Louis 2008). A joint marketing program for the Olympics Games has been initiated. Value creation, as well as fair value strategies, will be used in the marketing activities. Marketing partnerships for the event will be built through approaches of collaboration between and among the stakeholders. The marketing program will be responsible for establishing, developing and popularizing the Olympic Games event in the city and the world over. The planned marketing activities will be very expansive so as to cover all the marketing all forms of media, the different sporting fields and that makes up the event and all other supportive activities and platforms. Socio – Cultural Environment As mentioned earlier, Brazil has a multi ethnic population. The population is composed of whites, blacks and the Amerindians. There are also many ethnic groups in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro being the capital city of Brazil has a combination of people from across the country. This gives the country and the city a good cultural mix. There exist good relations between the different racial groups found in the country. The racial and ethnic diversity of the population of Brazil is an iconic factor. It can be noted that other nations with mixed races have problems with fostering cohesion and integration. However, in Brazil, there have been no major acts of racial and ethnic polarization. It gives the country a positive look before the global community. This is in itself an attraction factor which will encourage people to attend the event. Two major international languages are used in Brazil – English and Espaà ±ola. This is an advantage in communication as the nation plans to host visitors from different regions of the world (Wood s, 2011). Environmental and Technological Environment Rio de Janeiro city boasts of a good climate. The city is bordered by the sea and forests giving it a favorable environment for visitors. It has a good record of environmental protectionism, which gives it a good image. As a country that is on the path of industrialization, the country embraces the use of advanced technologies. Information and communication technology has helped in the improved of different sectors for instance the telecommunication and other service sectors. More than 90 percent of people residing in Rio de Janeiro have access to mobile phones. Internet use in the country has also been on the rise. Electronic-business is slowly gaining roots in the country and especially so in the capital city. This will ease transactions in the case that the event is hosted in Rio de Janeiro. Online booking services will be available for hotel booking and the booking of tickets. An electronic ticketing system has been developed . This ticketing system will be essential in ensuring that anomalies associated with manual ticketing are reduced thus easing activities. In the Hospitality and restaurant business which will be the major in hosting guests, online services hasten the exercise. This will in effect give room for improvements and capacity adjustment of facilities in this sector (Claessens, Evenett, Hoekman and Centre for Economic Policy Research). Conclusion Rio de Janeiro is strategically positioned to host the 2016 Olympic Games. A number of factors support the potentiality of the city to host this event. The City will be hosting the 2014 FIFA world cup, an event that will see many people visit the city. Many developments are being effected for the 2014 world cup. These developments will act as a basis for hosting the 2016 Olympic Games. With political stability and support that has been shown by all the three governments, Rio will be in a good position to host the event. This is also supported by th e fact that Brazil is a sport loving nation. Also, the majority of the population has shown support for hosting sporting events like the FIFA World Cup. The economy of Brazil is supporting infrastructure in across the cities Rio de Janeiro being one of the beneficiaries. The country has adopted modern technologies in almost all sectors of the economy which boosts the rate and efficiency in making transactions. Moreover, Rio has a good record of environmental conservation. Tourism is doing well in the city. It has boosted the growth of hospitality and restaurant sector which is vital in making the event a success. The major bottleneck of the city is the frequent lapses in security that is caused by the network of drug barons in the city. However, given the efforts that have been established to beef up security, Rio is best suited to host the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Reference List Arias, ED 2006, Drugs democracy in Rio de Janeiro: Trafficking, social networks, public security, Un iversity of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. Claessens, S, Evenett, SJ, Hoekman, BM and Centre for Economic Policy Research (Great Britain) 2010, Rebalancing the global economy: A primer for policymaking, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, UK. Daft, RL 2012, Management, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio. Davis, J 2012, The Olympic Games effect: How sports marketing builds strong brands, John Wiley Sons, Singapore; Chichester. Li, M, MacIntosh, EW and Bravo, GA 2012, International sport management, Human Kinectics, Champaign, IL. Louis, RS 2008, Rio de Janeiro, Lonely Planet, Footscray, Victoria, Australia. Mallon, B, Buchanan, I and Heijmans, J 2011, Historical dictionary of the Olympic movement, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Md. McGuirk WB 2009, Marginal Benefit of Hosting the Summer Olympics: Focusing on BRIC Nation Brazil (Rio 2016). Web. Morrison, M 2012, Brazil, Raintree, London. Stanley, M 2010, Brazil Infrastructure: Paving the Way. Web. Toohey, K and Veal, AJ 2007, The Olympic games: A social science perspective, CABI, Wallingford. Woods, RB 2011, Social issues in sport, Human Kinetics, Champaign. Young, DC 2004, A brief history of the Olympic games, Blackwell Pub., Malden, MA. This report on Justification of the Bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics Games – Rio de Janeiro was written and submitted by user BruceBanner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Thomas W. Stewart, Inventor of the Wringing Mop

Thomas W. Stewart, Inventor of the Wringing Mop Thomas W. Stewart, an African-American inventor  from Kalamazoo, Michigan, patented a new type of mop (U.S. patent #499,402) on June 11, 1893. Thanks to his invention of a clamping device that could wring water out of the mop by using a  lever, floor cleaning was not nearly the chore it once was. Mops Through the Ages Throughout much of history, floors were made out of packed dirt or plaster. These were kept clean with simple brooms, made from straw, twigs, corn husks, or horse hair. But some kind of wet cleaning method was needed to care for  the slate, stone, or marble floors that were a feature of the homes of the aristocracy and, later, the middle classes. The word mop goes back probably as far as the late 15th century, when it was spelled mappe in Old English. These devices were likely nothing more than bundles of rags or coarse yarns attached to a long wooden pole. A Better Way Thomas W. Stewart, one of the first African-American inventors to be awarded a patent, lived his whole life trying to make peoples everyday lives easier. In order to save time and ensure a more healthy environment in the home, he came up with two improvements to the mop. He first designed a mop head that could be removed by unscrewing it from the base of the mop handle, allowing users to clean the head or discard it when it wore out. Next, he designed a lever attached to the mop head, which, when pulled, would wring water from the head without users getting their hands wet. Stewart described the mechanics in his abstract: 1. A  mop-stick, comprising a stick proper, provided with the T-head having the grooved ends, forming one portion of the clamp, the rod having a straight portion forming the other part of the clamp and from thence converging rearwardly to the sides of the stick, a lever to which the free ends of said rod are pivoted, a ring loose on the stick, to which the forked ends of the lever are pivoted, and a spring between said ring and the T-head; substantially as set forth. 2. The combination of a mopstick provided with a T-head, forming one part of the clamp, a moveable rod forming the other part of the clamp, a lever to which the free ends of said rod are pivoted, said lever being fulcrum-ed to a moveable support on the stick, and a spring exerting a resistance against the lever when the latter is thrown back; substantially as set forth. Other Inventions Stewart also co-invented with William Edward Johnson an improved station and street indicator in 1883. It was used with railways and cars on the street to signal what road or street the vehicles were crossing. Their indicator would automatically activate a signal by means of a lever on the side of the track. Four years later, Stewart invented an improved metal-bending machine that was able to oscillate.

Employability and Consulting Skills One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employability and Consulting Skills One - Essay Example The role of the bank lies in mergers and acquisitions, debt and equity markets as well as in liquidity and payments management (Bank of America Merrill Lynch, 2014). The National Bank of Abu Dhabi can be thought of as the emerging bank in this sector. It is the largest lender bank of the country while second largest in UAE. The bank in under expansion on the markets of Hong Kong and have its footprints in Kuala Lumpur. Currently the bank is on the verge to triple its contribution by the introduction of sharia-complaint services in the countries of Oman and Malaysia (National Bank of Abu Dhabi, 2014). The name HSBC is the most popular and renowned name in this sector. The company is headquartered in London and provides financial services to consumers across the world. But the current condition of the bank looks gloomy. It is running on a short fall of $80 billion capitalization. As a result the bank had to restrict large cash withdrawals leaving customers frustrated. However the bank later apologised for the issue. The questionable assets on balance sheet are over rated and analysts consider that the bank needs to inject $58 billion to $111 billion by 2019 to stay afloat (HSBC, 2014). It is not possible to imagine a world without banks. The financial institutions are the cornerstone for the economy and contribute in the economy by transferring risks, providing liquidity as well as with financial information to both businesses and individuals. The role of bank became evident after the financial crisis and caught the attention of the people. Political: The scenario for bank of America Merrill Lynch and HSBC are stable mainly because they operate from developed nations and on the other hand the political tremors and tensions do not lay strong soil for NBAD. Economy: The economic condition for UK and US is more or less on stable grounds. In fact, the UK economy has witnessed fastest growth since 2007. The policies and implementations practiced by the

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 37

Case Study Example As a teacher, I can engage the students in the session twice in two consecutive days. The session involves students in handling bean bags with their hands and throwing them to their partners. They, therefore, end up taking part in a movement pattern of throwing and catching. The session has instructional strategies where the teacher takes a bean bag and demonstrates the movement with one of the students. He or she remains stationary and does an overhand throw of the bean bag to the travelling student. The student also uses an overhand movement pattern to throw the bean bag back to the teacher but with increased accuracy. All students in the physical education engage in the activity in pairs and do what they are instructed by the teacher. The two partners engage in a two-handed catch of a thrown bean bag and reciprocate with one remaining stationary while the other travels and vice versa. The physical exercise of throwing and catching a bean bag improves the developmental needs of students involved in the 45-minute session. It increases their attention span and interest in the physical exercise. In addition, a student is able to mingle with another colleague from outside his or her group of friends and experience fun together. The overhand throws movement pattern also increases the manipulative and motor skills of the students. This develops their muscles and other body

Ethics of Sex in Advertising

Ethics of Sex in Advertising ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether or not it is ethical to use sexual appeals in advertising. The study also examines (1) if sex actually sells and if so, when and where is it being used in advertising, (2) the use of men and women in ads of a sexual nature, and (3) the role that ethics plays in the use of sexual appeals in advertising. It is important because it not only focuses on the use of sexual appeals in advertising, but also how ethical it is to do so. The study found that sexual appeals are used often in advertising. Sex does catch peoples attention in advertisements, but usually without much brand recognition. Women have been the primary focus in sexual advertising in the past and present, but men are starting to be used more often as the sex object in advertisements. Ethics plays a definite role. There is no clear view of what is ethical and what is unethical when it comes to advertising, but with careful consideration and planning, it is possible for advertisers to find a common ground and use sexual appeals without offending people in the process. INTRODUCTION As stated by Richmond and Hartman (1982), Every media consumer is alert to sex in advertising. Its pervasive use and misuse are constantly before us, and typically elicit strong criticism (p.53). As one can see, the use of sex in advertising has been happening for several decades and the reason for it? It works. Advertisements that are sexy in nature tend to be remembered more often than advertisements that are not. The question to ask, though, is how ethical is it to use sexual appeals in advertisements? This research paper will discuss whether or not sex sells, when and where sexual appeals are used in advertising, who is the primary focus in the ads, and the ethical dilemma of using sexual appeals in advertising. This study is important to its readers because it not only focuses on the use of sexual appeals in advertising but it also looks at how ethical it is to do so. Advertising draws people in and coaxes them into buying things based on how the ads make them feel. It is not always fair to assume that everyone knows what the advertisers are doing. DOES SEX SELL? Does sex sell? Actually, sex does not sell, but sexiness does (Cebrzynski, 2000, p. 14). Using sex appeals in advertising is a good way to target certain market segments but not all. What is identified as sexual appeals in advertising? Where and when should sex be used in advertising? Does the use of sexual appeals lead to an advantage for brand remembrance? These questions will be the next topics of discussion for this paper. The use of sexual appeals in advertising has been happening for decades. Sex is everywhere. There are several different distinctions as to what is being categorized as sex appeal. A study conducted by Ramirez and Reichert (2000) revealed four characteristics of sexy ads: (1) physical features of models, (2) behavior/movement, (3) intimacy between models, and (4) contextual features such as camera effects (p.267). Ramirez and Reichert (2000) sought to find what people consider sexy in advertising. The most common referent was physical features (66%), followed by a models movements and verbal and nonverbal communication (39%), contextual features (26%), and proxemics (15%) (p.269). They made an important note that what people referred to as sexy differed gender to gender. The study showed that females responded more to context than males did at 35% to 20%. It also showed that 28% of the females responded to proxemics or references to physical distance or relative interaction between models compared to 6% of the males (p.269). WHEN AND WHERE SHOULD SEX BE USED IN ADVERTISING? This section will discuss the usefulness of sexual appeals in advertising, but not from the ethical stand point. Sexual appeals only work in some advertisements. Many studies have been conducted regarding this subject. Jones, Stanaland, and Gelb (1998) conducted an experiment to see how men and women responded to beefcake and cheesecake ads. A beefcake ad is an ad that has a sexy male model as the center of the ad. A cheesecake ad is an ad that has a sexy female model as the center of the ad. The study found that women had higher recognition scores for the ad showing a nonsexy male model than for the beefcake ad, and men had higher recall scores for the ad showing a nonsexy female than for the cheesecake ad. The study also found that women had lower recognition scores than men for the beefcake ad, and women viewing the cheesecake ad had higher recognition scores than women viewing the beefcake ad. Also, men had lower recall than women for the cheesecake ad. They concluded their study with the statement, The nonsexy ads seemed to do the most good with the least harm (p.36). It is important to evaluate the audience who will be viewing the ads before invoking a sexual appeal into the ad. A recent study conducted by Whipple and McManamon (2002) found that there is not an industry-wide conspiracy that advertisers use men as voiceovers in ads. Rather, individual advertisers and agencies make decisions about specific products and ad executions. For instance, a spokesperson and an announcers sex can affect advertising evaluations for a gender-specific product but not for non- gender imaged products (p.87). Advertising research reveals that sexual appeals are attention getting, arousing, affect inducing, and memorable (Reichert, Heckler, and Jackson, 2001, p. 14). But, although studies have demonstrated that sexual appeals attract attention to the ad, they do so typically without a corresponding advantage for brand information processing. Although using sexual appeals in brand advertisements has not proven to be as effective as needed, using them in social marketing may be beneficial. From a social marketing perspective, sexual appeals may be beneficial for the simple reason that they are attention-getting and potentially motivating desirable message characteristics in a saturated media environment (Reichert, Heckler, and Jackson, 2001, p. 18). The use of overt sexual appeals in print advertising has increased considerably in contemporary advertising practice. According to an article by Henthorne and LaTour (1994), today it is common for a reader of any age to pick up a general-interest consumer magazine and find an advertisement featuring provocatively posed and attired models for many consumer products (p.82). During the past decade, the use of sexual appeals in print advertisement has become commonplace. Among the most memorable companies, which base their advertisement on sexual appeals, is Calvin Klein. Their ads usually feature a nude couple in a somewhat provocative position. Also, many of the print advertisements for Calvin Klein jeans are just as suggestive and memorable (p.82). Ads of this type are designed to elicit what the originators hope is a vicarious experience of sensuality (Henthorne and LaTour, 1994, p. 82). In the 2000s, the use of sexual appeal in advertising continues to be a very controversial topic. A 1994 study done by Henthorne and LaTour revealed that an ad which contains a strong overt sexual appeal results in a significantly less favorable attitude toward the ad, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intention than an ad that contains little or no sexual appeal (p.90). For example, a very controversial AXE subway ad in Mexico has an arrow pointing up the shiny miniskirt of a woman driving a convertible sports car. Another ad shows a man with his arm around a woman with the arrow pointing down the front of her low-cut shirt. Next to the arrows is the statement: To get what you want (Ordonez, 2003, p.48). In this case, strong overt sexual appeal is being used in order to place brand remembrance on AXE. As a result, the brand also has been labeled as a company which is involved in strong overt sexual advertising (Ordonez, 2003, p.48). Although the use of highly sexual print ads is viewed more negatively, the attitude of women is significantly more negative than that of their male counterpart. As the morals and ethics of society change over time, what is considered appropriate and acceptable by society must also change. Therefore it is necessary to re-evaluate the assumptions on which strategic decisions are based when it comes to print advertising. Advertisers need to look at potential social issues and consequences at stake when considering an advertisement based on sexual appeal. Ethical issues involving sexual appeal in commercials are more controversial than those involving print advertising due to the high number of viewers that see commercials. Sexual appeals in commercials have many types and consist of a variety of elements. They often involve visual elements such as attractive models, and they may portray varying degrees of nudity and suggestiveness. Although commercials often use visual elements for sexuality, appeals may also include verbal elements and music. A study conducted by Severn, Belch, and Belch (1990) found that the use of sexual advertising appeals detracts from the receivers processing of message content. The use of sexual appeals in the study seemed to detract from the processing and retention of message arguments. However, it did appear that the recipients would focus their attention more on the execution elements of ads using this type of appeal (p.21). With the use of sexual appeals in commercials being both controversial and product ive in remembering a product, there is a fine line that advertisers should follow to keep the controversy to a minimum. According to Gould (1994), advertisers can attempt to accommodate the seemingly conflicting concerns of the public by following four guidelines: (1) targeting commercials as carefully as possible to avoid unnecessary conflict and to minimize the viewing of sexual appeals by people who might be disconcerted by them, (2) heightening their own awareness of the impact of their sexual appeals on the public at large as well as on their target market, (3) testing the effects of their commercials, not only on their target, but also on other members of the public who might see their commercials, and (4) considering the effects of their commercials in prompting individuals, whether in their target or not, to take actions that have negative consequences (p.78). Regardless of the guidelines, it is difficult for both managerial and governmental policy makers to know how to appr oach this sensitive ethical dilemma because of the variety of ethical and moral standards of todays public. In any market, advertising and promotions are partly an educated guessing game. You are bound to have unexpected hits and disappointing flops. At home or abroad, the old saying almost always proves true: It pays to advertise (Zhan, 1999, p.83). ARE WOMEN THE PRIMARY FOCUS? For years, many have believed that women are the primary focus of sex appeals used in advertising. This is not necessarily correct. Women seem to be the target most recognized in sexual appeals, but men have been targeted more recently. Women have often been the targets of sexual advertising because it seems to work in many cases. Sex is a powerful and easy method of getting male attention and making a product desirable. In advertising, it is easy to get a mans attention by using womens bodies and associating getting the women if he buys the product (Taflinger, 1996, p.8). The most well known target of women as sexual appeals has been in beer commercials and advertisements. Usually the ads go something like this: a beautiful woman is sitting at a bar and a man comes up and she does not notice him at all. Then he orders a certain kind of beer and all of the sudden, he is desirable to this woman. They then get caught up in the moment and ultimately the man gets this woman (because of the beer). Another example of the man getting the hot woman because of a particular product that supposedly makes the man more desirable to the women is the AXE commercial. AXE is a body spray for men. In the commercial, the men who use AXE get beautiful women. In fact, AXE is so effective that if in any way you come in contact with this body spray, you will be instantly wanted. The commercial features an old man getting a young, hot woman because of the AXE Effect (2004). Women are used over and over again in advertising as sex appeals. But, some do not realize that these advertisements are often targeted at women as well. Victorias Secret is a good example of this. They want women to think that if they buy Victorias Secret products, they could be like the beautiful, sexy models on their commercials. Obviously these bra and panties are not going to look this good on just anyone. But, at first glance, a woman might think, Wow, she looks awesome; I should get that outfit so I can look that good too. Women are not the only focus in sexual appeal advertising. Men play a large role as well. According to Taflinger (1996), It is rare for advertising to use sex as an appeal for women. Women are often less interested in the sex act itself for its own sake. They are interested in sex for what it can mean in the future. They may enjoy it as much as men, but for them it has far greater significance. Advertising cannot take advantage of a womans instinctive sexual desire because advertisings job is not to build for the future-it is to sell a product now (p.6). Here, Taflinger tries to explain that women are not interested in sexual appeals on television. They are interested in sex for their future. Although this seems to be correct in some instances, it is questionable when thinking about all of the ads that target men as the sex selling object. Some recent ads that target men as sex objects and sexual appeals are Abercrombie Fitch and Calvin Klein. Abercrombie Fitch is notorious for using men as sexual objects in their advertising. Many times, it is a large group of men standing around half naked if not completely nude. Although this company is a clothing company, they mainly advertise using naked pictures of their models. This does not make much sense except to assume they are trying to sell sex. Sex does sell for Abercrombie. But is it to women? Many questions have been asked about the nature of Abercrombies advertisements. Some speculation has brought up the question: who are they trying to target with these advertisements? Men are used over and over again in advertising, although it is generally targeted at the younger market. It is targeted at not only women but men also. This generation of women is becoming more open to sexual advertisements and is more apt to be enticed by them. According to a study conducted by Morrison and Sherman (1972), when looking at nudity and sexual arousal together, the majority of the women who rated ads high in nudity also reported being sexually aroused by the ads. This is contrary to traditional views that women are not as sexually aroused by nudity as men are (p.19). THE ROLE OF ETHICS Abercrombie, Express, Sony, Calvin Klein: all big companies with big brands who promote to the public in a big way; therefore, they rely heavily on agency expertise to help them do so. Likewise, in the ethical paradigm that is marketing through sex to the public, who should be accountable for the way in which the campaign is conducted? Clearly, agencies shoulder the majority of the responsibility for the campaigns they deliver. Ensuring compliance with regulatory guidelines often falls to the agency and although the client does hold the ultimate responsibility, they will often follow the agencys lead. As a result, a true partnership needs to be developed in order to ensure a sustainable relationship based on trust and transparency. This is necessary to get the success that is sought after (Gould, 1994, p.76). How can agencies and their clients establish this desired state of partnership? By seeing what the goal is-sexual appealing, successful campaigns that send sales through the roof and still makes sure negative publicity stays away from the brand. A helpful path that leads agencies along the route to creating effective and responsible advertising entails five key elements: the brief, time pressures, competition, measures of success, and commercial pressures. The brief is important because a good brief lays the foundation for a good campaign. Second, sufficient time creates the conditions necessary to create a great idea. Third, do what is right for the brand and the target audience regardless of the competition. Fourth, evaluate your measures of success qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Last, respect the relevant codes of practice and do not let commercial pressure affect your campaign. Thoroughly implementing these key elements will help agencies and companies launch a successful campaign. The measure of a great agency is its ability to help the promoter navigate that path and counter balance the pressures it brings (Gould, 1994). Working in partnership with the promoter, the agency can embrace the responsibilities it holds and have fun, while keeping the public safe, warm, and fully protected. While ethics and the role which it plays in advertising continue to generate a great deal of attention, the role of the educator has become an important factor for advertising. Social changes in the U.S. have further complicated the situation and raised the need for attention to ethical advertising. The use of sex and sexual appeal in advertising is at an all time high (Ramirez and Reichert, 2000, p.267). With this being said, professional educators play a big role in keeping this trend ethical and sexy at the same time. Educators need to firmly imply the positives of ethical advertising and behavior compared to possible downfalls of unethical advertising. Simply put, the philosophy has been that all advertisers must fish in the same pond and when the waters are muddied by unethical advertising, everyone catches less fish. This is a very true philosophical statement that educators can preach to their students. The result has been to exhort ethical behavior because it is good business . A further reason for educators to preach ethical standards has been the clear understanding that such activity can often be used to head off governmental regulation which the industry always feels would be impossibly restrictive (Fraedrich and Ferrell, 1992). As one may know, the foundations and fundamentals of students are what they will rely on when in the workplace; therefore, good fundamentals and practices are a key component for ensuring ethical behaviors during stressful situations. In short, the role in the development of advertising ethics lies in a proper emphasis of advertising as an institution to assist the students in proper and ethical behavior in the advertising industry. Advertising will continue to have a weak public image until the field of practice is built on a more professional base. With educators encouraging thoughtful attention to problematic aspects of advertising, students will be better mindful of ethical questions and situations. As a result, the students will attain their goal of a Professional Advertising Education. To understand more fully the positive and negative effects and ethical dilemmas arising from the use of sexual appeals in advertising, one must consider the fundamental concepts contained in normative ethical theories of moral philosophy (Gould, 1994, p.78). Normative ethical theories can either be classified as teleological or deontological. Teleological philosophies are defined as philosophies concerned with the moral worth of an individual behavior (Fraedrich Ferrell, 1992). Teleological philosophies maintain that the individual should examine and determine the probable consequences of alternative actions and behaviors in a specific situation (Henthome LaTour, 1994, p.82). Deontological philosophies focus on specific actions or behaviors of the individual without regard to the consequences of the actions. Thus, deontology opposes the principal tenet of teleology (Fraedrich Ferrell, 1992). Deontology supports the theory that the rightness or wrongness of actions should be judged by the actions themselves instead of the outcomes. It is not realistic to believe that individuals make ethical decisions strictly on the basis of either teleology or deontology. Individuals do not use clearly defined concepts of ethical philosophies in making specific ethical evaluations but a mixing of theses philosophies are used. With this being known, the expectations of a print ad displaying strong sexual appeal should yield a significantly less favorable attitude toward the ad, the brand, and purchase intention than an ad containing only mild sexual appeal. This expectation is supported by a study conducted by Henthorne and LaTour (1994). It was clear in the study that undesirable reactions and consequences might result from the use of strong overt sexual appeals (p.88). Although risky, sexual appeal is often a creative way to capture the consumers attention. The point at which sexual appeal may be viewed as unethical and counter productive is what advertisers are concerned with. Sex objectification is very much in the eyes of the beholder and, therefore, leaves the object of effective advertising very challenging. As a result, there is no simple solution when it comes to the use of sexual appeal in advertising. The best advice is for advertisers to recognize the ethical complexity of sexual appeal in adve rtising and incorporate that understanding in their strategic thought. Henthorne and LaTour, (1994) state As the ethical considerations of society change over time, what is considered appropriate and acceptable in advertising must also change (p.88). So, it is imperative to continually re-evaluate what society would consider acceptable and consider the full level of consequences of their actions before considering what they perceive as ethically acceptable. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The study discussed whether it is ethical to use sexual appeals in advertising. The study also examines (1) if sex actually sells, when and where it is being used in advertising, (2) the use of men and women in ads of a sexual nature, and (3) the role that ethics plays in the use of sexual appeals in advertising. This study is important because it not only focuses on the use of sexual appeals in advertising, but it also looks at how ethical it is to do so. Advertisers try to appeal to peoples emotions and coerce them into buying things they really do not need. The following conclusions were drawn from this research: Q. Sex sells sometimes. After evaluating the characteristics used in ads as sexy, the main characteristic identified was physical features. Sex appeal does not always lead to brand remembrance, but rather using sexual appeals in social marketing, like condom ads, will prove to be a better fit and will work better to send a message. Sex is used everywhere in advertising including print ads, commercials, and on the Internet. Sexual advertisements are mainly targeted at younger groups that have a different, more open view of sex. R. Answering the question: Are women the primary focus in sexual appeals? Yes, they are. With the growing open mindedness to sex that the younger females in America are experiencing, men have been targeted more and more. Abercrombie and Fitch uses male models as sex objects in almost every ad. They are even known for targeting the homosexual market. The use of men in advertising is growing and will be highly used in the future. The role that ethics plays in using sexual appeals in advertising is that there is a fine line between what people think is acceptable and what they think is unacceptable. The main thing to consider is what is the product or service that is being sold and who is the targeted consumer. For example, it would be unethical to put sexual appealing commercials on Nickelodeon. REFERENCES Abercrombie Fitch Advertisement (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2004, from Abercrombie Fitch Website: www.abercrombie.com. AXE Nun (2004). Collections: AXE Effect. Cebrzynski, G. (2000, March 13). Sex or sexy? The difference is that one sells, and the other doesnt. 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Retrieved April 5, 2004, from Commercial Closet Website, http://www.commercialcloset.org Ordonez, I. (2003, September). Peddling sex: Taut and trim flesh hits billboards as advertisers aim low. [Electronic Version]. Business Mexico, 13(9), 48. Ramirez, A. Reichert, T. (2000). Defining sexually oriented appeals in advertising: A grounded theory investigation. [Electronic version]. Advances in Consumer Research, 27, 269-273. Reichert, T., Heckler, S., Jackson, S. (2001, Spring). The effects of sexual social marketing appeals on cognitive processing and persuasion. [Electronic version]. Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 13-28. Richmond, D. Hartman, T. (1982). Sex appeal in advertising. [Electronic version]. Journal of Advertising, 22(5), 53-61. Severn, J., Belch, G., Belch, M. (1990). The effects of sexual and non-sexual advertising appeals and information level on cognitive processing and communication effectiveness. [Electronic version]. Journal of Advertising, 19(1), 14-22. Taflinger, R. (May 28, 1996). You and Me, Babe: Sex and Advertising. Retrieved March 16, 2004, from http://www.wsu.ede:80801-taflinger/sex.html. Treise, D. Weigold, M. (1994 September). Ethics in advertising: Ideological correlates of consumer perceptions. [Electronic version] Journal of Advertising, 23(3), 59-70. Victorias Secret Advertisement (2003). Retrieved March 16, 2004, from http://www.gtslade.com/vs/vs3.html Whipple, T. McManamon, M. . (2002, Summer). Implications of using male and female voices in commercials: An exploratory study. [Electronic version]. Journal of Advertising, 31(2), 79-91. Wise, G., King, A., Merenski, P. (1974, August). Reactions to sexy ads vary with age. [Electronic version]. Journal of Adverting, 14(4), 11-16. Zhan, S. (1999, March). When a picture is worth a thousand words. [Electronic version]. World Trade, 12(3), 82-83.